The document contains 20 questions about neural cells and nervous system function including: - The 3 types of RNA and their functions in protein synthesis. - How the resting membrane potential is established through concentration gradients of ions like sodium and potassium. - The phases of the neural action potential and the ions involved in each phase and their direction of movement. - Threshold, refractory period, myelin, Nodes of Ranvier, effects of temperature and ether on nerve conduction, and factors involved in establishing and changing the resting membrane potential. - How graded potentials lead to action potentials which propagate along axons due to myelin and trigger neurotransmitter release at synapses.

1. 10. What are the 3 types of RNA and what is the specific function of each in making protein?
11. What is the resting membrane potential? How is it established in a cell? What provides most
of the anions? What ions are involved? Be sure to include concentration gradients.
12. Be able to label the neural cell action potential with the correct ions for each phase. Make
sure you know which direction each ion is moving.
13. Define threshold. How does this apply to the single neuron? Why did the action potential
increase in size as you increased the voltage past this point? (from lab)
14. Does nervous tissue fatigue? How does this apply to the body?
15. Define Refactory Period. Why is this important?
16. What is the role of myelin? What is the name of the cell that makes myelin in the peripheral
nervous system? What are the Nodes of Ranvier and where are they located on the neuron?
17. Why and how does cooling slow the action potential? Does this also apply to skeletal and
cardiac?
18. What was the effect of ether on nerve conduction? How does this happen (as in, what
channels are effected)? Why is it reversible?
19. Describe the resting membrane potential. Give a complete description of the factors that go
into establishing the resting potential in a neural cell. Describe how a local graded potential
changes the cell from the resting state, be sure to include initiation, the ions/channels involved
and how it returns to the resting state. Why is it called graded? How does temporal summation
contrast with spatial summation?
20. Describe how the action potential is initiated (assume you have summed potentials from
above and move on from there) and then is propagated down the axon. What is the role of
myelin? How does this lead to neurotransmitter release?