After two great World wars, modernization theory equal with physical infrastructure building and industrialization was developed and practiced in the west, and also practiced later on in the developing countries as well to improve the standard of living. As a result, during the first development decade (1960- 1970). The world’s Gross International Product (GIP) increased by one trillion dollars, of which eighty percent went to the industrialized nations, and six percent to poor nations, even the developing countries achieved five percent annual growth rate at the end of first decade.

1. W
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C
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NAMASKAR

2. GENDER INCLUSIVENESS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT:
UNDERSTANDING AND PRACTICES AMONG THE ELECTED
LOCAL LEVELS
Progress Report
BY
DIPENDRA BIKRAM SIJAPATI

3. Outlines of the Presentation
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Area Introduction
5. Knowledge and Practices of Gender Inclusion of
Local Government.
6. References

4. CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
• General Background
Gender inclusion and female empowerment are now
universally recognized as core development objective
fundamental for the realization of human right, and key to
effective sustainable development in local development side
(USAID, 2010).
• Nepalese government's political commitment and
constitutional provision, 33 percent of women's
representation in the state mechanism.

5. 1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• Despite the provision of 33 percent reservation women’s are still
living under poverty and illiteracy rate is the highest among
women.
• Despite the attempts of empowering women’s through the
interim plan 2014/18, women’s are still forced to live miserable
lives.
• Constitution Bill of Nepal 2015 article 38. (1) has clearly
mentioned that “Every woman shall have equal right to
lineage without any gender discriminations” and same
article (4) further mentioned “Women shall have the right
to access participate in all state structures and bodies
but it is not seen in practices.
• Although constitution (2072) guaranties, equal participation
in all state structure and bodies, it is not seen in practices,
knowledge about the inclusion rights.

6. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the present policies and changing dynamics of
local government related to inclusion?
What are the implications of process of local government
body on gender equality and equity in Nepal?
What are the situations of knowledge of equal participation
of female decision-making process on policy and practices
of local Government?
How does one understand the historical and patriarchal
control over participation in decision-making and influence
of policy related to inclusion?
What are the situations of special allocation of fund for
women and development issues (empowerment, education,
health, leadership development training, skill development
training and others social and professional activities)
What will they suggest on issues and policy program
activities?

7. 1.4. OBJECTIVES
Based on the questions raised above, this study focuses mainly
on gender and inclusiveness concerns among the Local
government.
• The general objective of the study will be study gender
inclusiveness of women's in local governance in Nepal.
The specific objectives of the study are:
• To examine the implementation of this provision at local
elected government bodies.
• To identify equal participation of female decision-making
process on local policy and practices on the special allocation
of fund for women development side (empowerment,
education and health).
• To find out the knowledge and practices of gender
inclusiveness among the elected local bodies.

8. 1.5. HYPOTHESIS
• Despite the provision of 33 percent reservation women’s are still
living under poverty and illiteracy rate is the highest among women.
Hypotheses 1.
It is due to lack of implementation.
• Despite the attempts of empowering women’s through the interim
plan 2014/18, women’s are still forced to live miserable lives.
Hypotheses 2.
Lack of reformation in development policy.
• Constitution Bill of Nepal 2015 article 38. (1) has clearly mentioned
that “Every woman shall have equal right to lineage without any
gender discriminations” and same article (4) further mentioned
“Women shall have the right to access participate in all state
structures and bodies but it is not seen in practices.
• Although constitution (2072) guaranties, equal participation in all
state structure and bodies, it is not seen in practices, knowledge
about the inclusion rights.
Hypotheses 3.
• Due to lack of awareness or knowledge about their rights among
these women.

9. 1.6. RATIONALE
• This study will enrich in the literature of gender inclusiveness and
Local government bodies.
• Issues of gender inclusiveness in local government could provide
knowledge for good governance and policy making in local level.
• The study will provide valuable inputs to policy makers for
formulation of development programs focusing on gender
inclusiveness.,
• The study will be contribute theoretically and empirically knowledge
on gender inclusiveness and local government sectors.
• Women’s need to be equally accessed and empowered by removing
the social, legal, economic and other constraints, which have
traditionally hampered their access to use of resources.
• In addition, targeted programs for women i.e. role of decision
making in policy level and skill development programs are need to
some key areas for addressing their plans and strategic.

10. 1.7. LIMITATIONS
• The study only based on knowledge and practices of
gender inclusion in elected local government.
• The study area selected only six locals areas (one
Metropolitan city, three municipalities and two rural
municipalities) of Nepal.
• Study population selected both male and female those
who are elected local levels (358) of the wards.
• Metropolitan, sub-metropolitan and municipality's
Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and rural municipality’s chief
and deputy chief will not be selected as respondents
for KII.

11. 1.8 Chapter Plan / Organization of the study
This study will organized into eleven chapters including pre introductory which are described
below for better understood as;
Chapter one: Chapter one is introductory chapter which contains the background of the
study, statement of problems, objectives, research questions, hypothesis of the study,
limitation of the study, ...........
Chapter two: Chapter two contained the related literatures
Chapter three: Chapter three contained the research methods
Chapter Four: Chapter four contained the background of study area
Chapter five: Chapter five contained the finding and discussion of the information as
objective one.
Chapter six: Chapter six contained the finding and discussion of the information as a objective
two
Chapter seven: Chapter seven contained the finding and discussion of the information as a
objective three.
Chapter eight: Chapter eight contained the finding and discussion of the information as a
objective four
Chapter nine: Chapter nine contained the finding and discussion of the information as a
objectives five.
Chapter ten: Chapter ten contained the finding and discussion of the information as a
objective six.
Chapter eleven: Chapter eleven contained the key findings, summary, conclusion and
recommendations.

12. CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Review
Theoretical
Empirical

13. This Theoretical Framework of Literature Review Based on Gender Inclusion in
Local Government
(Concept, Theories, , Acts, Policies and Practices by Global, Continental Regions,
SAARC Regions, and Nation)
Theories
Global Perspectives
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
SAARC Countries
Nepal
L
A
W
S
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N
D
P
O
L
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S
P
R
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T
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C
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S
Global Status
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
SAARC Countries
Nepal

14. Theories reviewed
• WID, WAD and GAD Approaches on gender inclusion
• Marxism and Neo-Marxism emphasized that
• Dependency Theory:
• Basic Needs Approach (BNA), Capability Approach, and Eco-
feminism
Core ideas of theories
• The gender should be equal participant in development
process.
• Dependency theory opposed that liberal development
models, including the attempt to incorporate women into the
existing global capitalism.
• BNA focused on expanding human freedom. The BN
particularly proposed a participatory approach to
development and this approach is focused on the human
freedom and human Security.

15. Reviewed of Gender Inclusion situation and practice
in Local Government
Global Situation and Practices
The global average of women in national assemblies is 21.5% Out of 189
countries,
Top Ten Countries With The Greatest Representation Of Women In National
Parliament
Upper house Lower house
• Rwanda 61.3 % 38.5%
• Boliva 53.1% 47.2%
• Cuba 48.9% -
• Iceland 47.6% -
• Nicaragua 45.7% -
• Sweden 43.6% -
• Senegal 42.7% -
• Mexico 42.6% 36.%
• Finland 42.0 % -
• South Africa 35.2% -

16. Situation and Practices of Gender Inclusion in Local
Government in Developed Countries
Brazil :
• 5.7% in 1998, to 8.9% in 2006 women are in local government
China :
• China's stipulation for gender equality in the political sphere started
in 1954 Constitution.
• Men and women enjoy equal rights in the aspects of political,
economic, cultural, social and family dimensions,
• Especially highlighting legitimate voting right and the right to be
elected.
• 742 women out of 2,980 representatives, which amounts to 24.9%
(2018)
•
• Poland : The Finnish national quota law, introduced in 1995,
• 40 % female at both a national and a local level
• 16% of the chair of municipal executive boards are female (2003)
• 45% female at both national and a local level (2003)

17. Cont.
Germany
• The gender quotas implemented across parties in the 1990s
• The female quota was less successful in rural areas.
• Germany is rated highly in its gender gap.
Japan
• Japan ranks 127 in the world for the number of women in national
parliamentary worldwide (March 2014)
• There are a total of 39 women in the House of Representatives out
of 479 incumbents (Feb.2013)
Netherlands
• In 2016, the Dutch government achieved their goal for women in top
jobs within the government. A 30% female share was achieved
(2013)
• After 2018 the 30% rule will become mandatory .
Spain
• In 2007, Spain passed the Equality Law, requiring a "principle of
balanced presence" by mandating political parties to include 40–
60% of each sex among electoral candidates.

18. Cont.
United Kingdom (UK)
• United Kingdom, 32% of the lower house, the House of commons, are
women (2017)
• 25% of the upper house, the House of Lords, are women (2017)
• Ranks it 40th in the world (September 2017)
• 208 women MPs were elected to the House of Commons at General
Election (2017)

19. Developing countries
Rwanda
• Since the election of 2008, Rwanda is the first country to have a majority of
women in legislature (56% in 2008)
Romania
• No political gender quotas exist in Romania,
• The 2016 elections, women gained only 20.7% of seats in the Lower
House and 14.7% in the Upper House
Lebanon
• Lebanese women are considered to have more rights and freedom
compared to other women in the Gulf and Middle East.

20. SAARC Region Countries
Bangladesh
• Women have been incorporated into local governance through reservation at
the Union Parishad level.
• There are about 4,276 Union Parishads in Bangladesh currently.
• Since 1997, a quota of three seats or one-fourth of the total has been reserved
for women in the Union Parishads.
• Women’s representation is 20% (2002)
Pakistan
• Until recently, female representation in local governance in Pakistan is
negligible.
• The Union Council, the Tehsil Council and the District Assembly.
• Fifty percent of seats at the Union level have been reserved for women.
• Tehsil and district levels, women are allocated 5 and 10 seats respectively
(roughly about 15 percent)
India
• In an effort to increase women's participation in politics in India,
• 1993 constitutional amendment mandated that a randomly selected third of
leadership positions at every level of local government be reserved for women
• The recent Constitutional Amendments have brought a considerable number of
women into the mainstream political arena .

21. Cont.
Sri Lanka
• Less than 3 percent are women are Councils, and the Pradeshiva Sabbas
out of 3000 members.
• In 1997, only one woman was elected mayor of a municipal Council in
the province of Jaffna.
• In Urban Councils, Currently two female Vice-Chairpersons, women
occupy none of the 36 posts for Chairperson.
• However, the gender inclusion in Sri-Lanka is very poor.
Bhutan
• Bhutan is the women enjoy relative freedom and equality with men in
many spheres of life, enjoy equal rights and do not suffer from
discrimination.
• 36 percent women are civil servants (2012)
• 6 per cent in the executive category. Moreover, they are still under-
represented among elected
• 7 percent female are representatives at local government level

22. Cont.
Maldives
• Low proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
• Women comprise only 6.5% of parliamentarians
• Out of Parliamentarians only 14% of Ministerial positions
Nepal
• 1(one) women was elected in parliament in 1958 election
• 40,000 female candidates were elected in the local level election
of 1997. (38 years different)
• As national election of 2017of Nepal, almost 40 percent women
are elected in local government

23. Cont.
• Out of 205 parliament members only 2.9 percent were female (1959
election)
• Out of 205 parliament members only 2.9 percent were female (1991
election)
• Out of 205 parliament members only 3.4 percent were female (1994
election)
• Out of 205 parliament members only 5.8 percent were female (1999
election)
• Female Position in Local Bodies in Nepal were 18.6 percent (2007)
• Female position in Local bodies are more than 40 percent (2074/
2017 election)
• Female position in CA Members are 5.45 percent out of 162 CA
member (2074/2017 election)
(source: National election commission, Nepal 2070, 2074)

24. Number of Elected Members for Local Government by
gender and Local Government Institutions
Local government
institutions
Number of elected
members
Percent of elected
members
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Metropolitan city 427 440 867 49.25 50.75 100.0
Sub- metropolitan city 801 490 1291 62.04 37.96 100.0
Municipality 9482 6587 16069 69.0 31.0 100.0
Rural Municipality
(Gaunpalika)
10072 6925 16997 59.26 40.74 100.0

25. Local Elected Members by Province in 2074 Local
Election
S. N. Provinces Elected
Male %
Elected
Female%
Total
elected
1 Province -1 58.81 41.19 6043
2 Province -2 41.15 2723 6618
3 Province -3 59.27 40.73 5792
4 Province-4 58.9 41.10 3934
5 Province -5 58.78 41.22 5133
6 Province -6 59.97 40.03 3687
7 Province -7 59.0 41.0 3834
Total 59.04 40.96 35041

26. Name Of Local Government Institutions, Number Of
Candidates And Elected Members For Local Government,
2074 Election In Jhapa District By Sex,
S. N Name of institutions Male
elected %
Female
elected %
Total elected
members
1 Arjundhara Muncipility 59.65 40.35 57
2 Damak 59.62 40.38 52
3 Gauradaha 55.32 44.68 47
4 Kankai 59.57 40.42 47
5 Bhadrapur 55.77 44.23 52
6 Mechi 58.44 41.56 77
7 Birtamod 57.69 42.31 52

27. Cont.
8 Shivasatakshe 59.65 40.35 57
9 Kachankabal R.M 61.11 38.89 36
10 Kamal.RM 59.46 40.54 37
11 Gauregunj RM 59.38 40.63 32
12 Jhapa RM 59.46 40.54 37
13 Baraganshi RM 59.46 40.54 37
14 Buddhasanti RM 59.46 40.54 37
15 Huldhibari RM 59.26 40.74 27
Total (8 M. )(7 R.M)=15 58.77 41.23 684

28. Name Of Local Government Institutions, Number Of Candidates And
Elected Members For Local Government Of Study Area (Lalitpur District)
By Sex, 2074/2017 Election
S. N. Name of Local Government
Institutions
Male elected
%
Female
elected %
Total
elected
members
1 Konjosom Gaupalika 61.54 38.46 26
2 Godawari.M. 59.72 40.28 72
3 Bagmati Gaupalika 59.46 40.54 37
4 Mahankal Gaupalika 59.38 40.60 32
5 Mahalaxmi.M 57.69 42.31 52
6 Lalitpur Metropolitan 62.5 37.5 136
Total (3 M. )(3 R.M)=6 60.56 39.44 355

29. Elected Members for Local Government of Study Are (Jhapa and Lalitpur
Districts), 2074 Election (Two Municipalities, Two Gaupalikas , One Metropolitan City)
S.
N
Name of R.M
(Gaupalika)/
(Municipality)
Mayor/Chairma
n
Depu.Mayor Ward president Members
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Jhapa
1 Gauradaha
M.
1 0 0 1 9 0 20 20
2 Gaurejung
(R.M )G.
1 0 1 0 6 0 13 17
Lalitpur
1 Lalitpur
M.C.
1 0 0 1 29 0 67 54
2 Godawari
M.
1 0 0 1 14 0 31 33
3 Konjosom
(R.M)G.
1 0 0 1 5 0 12 14
Total 5 0 1 4 63 0 143 139

30. Paradigm Shift of Gender Inclusion in Nepal
Women's
Participation on
equality based
Women's
Representation on
equity based
Gender
Inclusion
Policy
Plan
Act
Practices
(Education
Empowerment
Health
Occupation)
Policy
Plan
Act
Practices
(Education
Empowerment
Health
Occupation)

31. Conclusion
• For literatures, information are collected through government and
non government organization, national and international different
published and non-published reports, journals, reference books,
research articles, research reports, election commission's reports,
acts and policy, assembly and conference’s declaration, parties
manifestos and other relevant documents. The literature reviewed
found the gender inclusion in local government is gradually
increasing. As national election 2017, the female elected members
in local governments are more than 40 percent in all the districts .
• The national and international Policies, Laws, Acts, Constitutions,
declarations and political parties’ manifestos are emphasized the
gender inclusion in all decision making process as well as local
government too.

32. Cont.
• In total 7 provinces, more than 40 percent female are elected in local
government (National election 2017). Which are more than allocated
by national constitution 2072 and election manifesto 2074 of all
political parties.
• The total numbers female candidates and elected female members of
local governments of Jhapa and Lalitpur districts are more than
(33%) allocated by the national constitutions 2074 and election
manifestos of political parties i.e. Nepali congress, CPN UML and
other major parties. It seems gender inclusions in local governments
are much satisfactory in all electro areas of Lalitpur districts. But
female are elected in only in minor post like ward members rather
than major post i.e. Mayor, Deputy Mayor and Ward chairman.
Therefore, this is questionable why female are not elected in those
major post?

33. Cont.
• As literatures, Nepal has formulated enough policy, plans,
acts through laws and constitutions but seems lacking of its
proper implementation and practices. So, researcher try to
finding out the gapping of this in the study areas.

34. CHAPTER THREE
3. Methodology
3.1 Background and justification of the selection the study areas
This study mainly focused in primary data collection of two different
socio-cultural and political and geographical diversity areas. One is
COCH civilization society, and second is NEWA civilization society. As
past history, in COCH civilization i.e Rajbanshi, Satar, Tajpuria, Koche,
Meche and Dhimal were used to live and in present context, major
four cultural (Coch, Mongol, Maithali and Khas) people are living in
the study area (Jhapa). Meanwhile, when analysed the historical and
cultural civilization of Lalitpur district the NEWA civilization’s people
were to used live until not arising the Shah dynastic and in present
context, three major cultural people i.e. Newa, Mangol and Khash are
living in the study area ( Lalitpur ).

35. To..
This study is representing of the all types cultural societies
of Nepal. Furthermore, it is also represents the historical
civilized community of all local government as directed by
Nepalese Constitutions 2072 and Muluki Dewani Samita
2073. The study has coverage the following civilization;
• Mangol civilization : Tamang, Rai and Limbu
• Koch civilization: Rajbanshi, Tajpuria
• Khas civilization: Kshetree, Brahmin and Thakuri
• Newa Civilization: Newar
• Maitharili civilization: Shah and Yadhav
• This study analysed the gender inclusiveness of all above
mentioned civilized groups of people in local government
and local development. This study further analysed the
policies and its implementations and practise in new
republic of federal inclusive local government.

36. 3.2 Theory, approach and research philosophy adaptation.
This study based on the Alternative Development Theory. This
theory was emerged after 1970 as a alternative of
“Modernization and Dependency Theory” for holistic
development of nation, community and people itself. Main
principle of this theory is Justice, sustainability, and
inclusiveness. This study is base on the justice and inclusiveness
of gender in local government. However, this study is adopted
the positivism and anti positivism/interpretativism philosophy.
Positivism philosophy believes the single realities and which
described through the quantitative methods and deductive
approach and anti positivism / interpretativism philosophy is
believes the multiple realities and which needs qualitative
methods and induction approach to interpretation the multiple
realities. This study has used both quantitative and qualitative
methods and deductive and inductive approaches to analyse and
interpretation the collected information or data.

37. 3.3 Research Design
• This study is based on cross sectional and
descriptive research design. The situation are
explored in terms of gender, equality, equity and
inclusion in local government. However, since the
research locations like hills and plains are not
similar as mentioned in justification (viz different
type of geographical setting, socio-economic
setting of people, extent and nature of poverty
and gender index). Some of the variables need to
be compared between and across the research
locations.

38. 3.4 Types of Information
• This research attempted to present qualitative gender
desegregated data relating to the elected in local
government.
• Information gathered and assessed on the issues- what and
how do they resources benefits from local benefit, whether
the local people participate in different ways; what and how
women use women's sectors fund and resources. how the
social and cultural division of labour affecting the decision
making process in local government council and general
meeting; how all-women LGs are different from male-
dominated and what implications of operational plan of male-
dominated LGs have on women's access to and control over
governance body; what effect present policy and plan has on
women's development sectors; what have been the
constraints and what have been the supporting factors for the
LGs to mainstream women.

39. 3.5 Source of Information
• Both of Primary and secondary types of information used in this
research.
3.6 Primary Data Collection
The primary dada have been taken applying three major methods
i.e 1. Direct interview methods, focus group methods and key
informant interview methods through pre structured research
tool.
3.6.1 Questionnaire Methods
Direct interview is conducting with the respondents (local
government elected members) applying the pre structured
questionnaires through census survey methods.

40. To..
3.6.2 Focussed Group Discussion
• Focussed group discussion conducted based on the checklist prepared
as of the research issues. Changes in gender role and relation and
access to, and control over power of local government body discussed
with mixed group of local people and political leaders. The issues of
equity and changes pattern of federal system explored during the
discussion with the checklist prepared before the discussion.
Researcher taok the 5 focus groups discussion of total study area.
3.6.3 Key Informant Interviews
• Key informants selected in the study areas among the Elected Mayar
and deputy Mayar of Metropolitan city and municipality, Chief and
Deputy Chief of Gaupalika (VDC). Questionnaire developed based on
the information required for the study's objectives.
3.7 Study population and sample size
• There are total 358 elected local body for local government. Out of
them 358 are interviewed for required information collection through
purposive or non probability methods because of number responded
are constrained.

41. Sample Selection Procedure
S.N. District
Name Selected Areas Total Local Body Only Ward
Elected Persons
1 Lalitpur 1. Lalitpur Met.
2. Godawari Municipality
3. Conjosum(Gaupalika)
134
70
24(no Dalit)
29˟5=134
14˟5=70
5˟5/4=24
2 Jhapa 1. Guradaha Municipality
2. Shivsatakshi Municipality
2. Gaurejung Gaupalika
45
55
30
9˟5=45
11˟5=55
6˟5=30
In this research; the census method applied to select the respondents to
collect the required information. Only 358 wards’ elected body except
chief and deputy chief from two districts selected because of time and
resource limitation. The research area (Districts) are selected through the
purposive sampling methods.
Sampling procedure are follows;

42. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
• The data will collect from various sources and methods, compiled
and analysed in two ways. Qualitative information analysed
through comparative logical analysis.
• Quantitative data collected through pre-structured questionnaire
and it analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social
Sciences) software. Coverage error and content errors avoided by
crosscheck after the data collection.
• After the data processing, editing and coding, then it entered
computer on SPSS database and results are obtained by frequency
distribution and cross tabulation of the variables.

43. 8. ETHICAL/SAFETY ISSUES
• Earlier to the research, verbal consent is taken from the
respondents.
• Researcher brief explained about purpose of the study.
• All respondents informed about this study; what an endeavour
is and what happens and what will find through the study.

44. CHAPTER FOUR
• 4,1 Justification to selection the study areas
The study areas are selected Jhapa and Lalitpur districts are mainly two
reasons, first reasons is that, the Jhapa district is located in Terai region and
population of Jhapa district are diversity natures because of migrated from
hilly and mountanous areas and they have high political knowledge comparing
to education level.
Women are depriving and excluded from socio-economic, cultural, religions,
politically and other government facilities’ access. The Lalitpur district is
located in Hilly region and people of this district are historical and indigenously
settlement. People are highly educated but they have only little knowledge on
political activities and social phenomenan.
Nepal has adopted the national and international act, common policies
programmes, declaration of convention related to inclusion equally in holistical
development process to the excluded, margiznalized groups and women to
enhance their life style. And national constitutions 2015 and its’ guided policy
program are also formulated as guidence of the universal long term holistic
development goals like Millinium Development Goals 2000- 2015 and
Sustainable Development Goal 2016- 2030 where the emphasized equally
inclusion of gender in holistical development process.

45. To..
• Further more, the interim constitution 2063 of Nepal was also
addressed the inclusion policy at least 33 percent women could attempt
in all sectors, political parties are also mentioned the inclusiveness of
women at least 33 percent in holistic development process as well as
historically, culturally and politically excluded people including
women and marginalized group and geographically backward people in
their election manifestos of local government election 2017.
• Now, the national development policy implementation process is
bottom to top but it was just vice versa before buildup of the new
constitutions 2015 as well as local election 2017. For this holistic
dimensions, it is rational to comparative study of two poles apart
residential peoples’ behavior in political participation or inclusion in
local government by gender.
• And, another reason is that, the both areas are accessible and well
known by the researcher so it is easy to conduct the research with
appropriate manner to meet the research objectives.

46. To..
• Total Households and Population selected area.
S.N. Name Selected Areas Total population Total Area
1 Lalitpur Met. 2, 84,922 36.12 Sq.km
2 Godawari Municipality 78,301 96.11 Sq.km
3 Conjosum RM 9,709 44.16 Sq.km
4 Guradaha Municipality 53,640 149.86 Sq.km
5 Shivsatakshi Municipality 64,696 145,87 Sq.km
6 Gaurejung RM 3,3039 101.35 Ssq.km

47. CHAPTER FIVE
Local areas Response Male Female Total
N. % N. % N. %
Lalitpur M.C Yes 74 20.7 45 12.6 119 33.3
No 9 2.5 6 1.7 15 4.2
Total 83 23.2 51 14.2 134 37.4
Godawari
M.
Yes 43 12.0 27 7.5 70 19.5
No - - - - -
Total 43 12.0 27 7.5 70 19.5
Conjosum
R.M
Yes 15 4.2 9 2.5 24 6.7
No - - - -
Total 15 4.2 9 2.5 24 6.7
Gauradaha
M
Yes 27 7.5 18 5.0 45 12.5
No - - - -
Total 27 7.5 18 5.0 45 12.5
Shivasathasc
he. M
Yes 33 9.2 22 6.1 55 15.3
No - - - - - -
Total 33 9.2 22 6.1 55 15.3
Gaurijung
R/M
Yes 18 5.0 12 3.4 30 8.4
No - - - - - -
Total 18 5.0 12 3.4 30 8.4
Knowledge on gender inclusion with local government elected members of
different local areas of Jhapa and Lalitpur Districts.
Source: Field Study 2076

48. REFERENCES
Acharya Meena (2003b): Towards Conflict Transformation in Nepal: Recent Trends in Government –Maoist
Dialogue in Conflict Resolution and Governance in Nepal, NEFAS/FES , Kathmandu
ADB, (2010). Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Nepal. ADB, Published by All Right
Reserved 2010.
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(More included in Seminar Paper )

50. THANK YOU
THANK YOU