GLOBAL WARMING

1. ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES
UNIT-III
S.BALACHANDAR
M.Sc,M.Tech(PhD)NETSET
GLOBALWARMING
Troposphere,thelowermostlayeroftheatmosphere,trapsheatbyanatural
processduetothepresenceofcertaingases.Thiseffectiscalled“Greenhouseeffect”’
Theaverageglobaltemperatureis15
0
cintheabsenceofgreenhousesgasesit
wouldbeen-18
0
ctherefore,greenhouseeffectcontainsatemperatureraiseto33
0
c.
Greenhousegases:
1. Carbondioxide:Itcontributesabout55%toglobalwarmingfrom greenhouse
gasesproducedbyhumanactivity.Themainsourcesarefossilfuelburning
(67%),deforestation(33%)co2staysintheatmosphereforabout500yearsco2
concentrationintheatmospherewas355ppm andincreasingatarateof1.5
ppm/everyyear.
2. Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs):Thesearebelievedtoberesponsiblefor24%ofthe
humancontributed. Theyalsodepleteozoneinthestratosphere. Themain
sourcesare leaking airconditioners,refrigerators,evaporation ofindustrial
solvents. Productionofplasticfoams,aerosols,propellants,CFC’sdeplete
ozone during their65 to 110 years stayin the stratosphere atmospheric
concentrationis0.00225ppmthatisincreasingatarateof0.5%annually.
3. Methane(CH4):Itaccountsfor18% oftheincreasedgreenhousegases
methaneisproducedwhenbacteriabreakdowndeadorganicmatterinmoist
placesthatlackoxygensuchasswampsnaturalwetlands,paddyfields,landfills
etc.Itstaysintheatmospherefor7-10years.Atmosphericconcentrationis
1.675ppmanditisincreasingatarateof1%annually.
4. NitrousOxide(N2o):Itisresponsiblefor6%ofthehumaninputofgreenhouse
gases.Itisreleasedfrom nylonproducts,from burningofbiomassandnitrogen
richfuelsandfrom thebreakdownofnitrogenfertilizerinsoil.Livestockand
nitratecontaminatedgroundwater.Itslifespaninthetroposphereisis140-190
yearstheatmosphereconcentrationofN2ois0.3ppm andisincreasingatarate
of0.2%annually.

2. Impacts:
1. Globaltemperatureincrease:Itisestimatedthattheearth’smeantemperature
willrisebetween1.5to5.5
0
cby2050ifinputofgreenhousegasescontinuesto
raiseatthepresentrate.
2. RiseinSeaLevel:Withtheincreaseinglobaltemperatureseawaterwillexpand
heatingwillmeltthepolaricecapsandglaciersresultinginfurtherriseinsea
levelcurrentmodelsindicatethatan increasein theaverageatmospheric
temperatureof3
0
cwouldraisetheaverageglobalsealevelby0.2–1.5m over
next50-100yearsonemeterriseinsealevelwillsubmergelowlyingareasof
citieslikeshanghai,Cairo,Bangkok,Sydney,HamburgandVenice.
3. EffectsonHumanhealth:Theglobalwarmingwillleadtochangesintherainfall
patterninmanyareas,therebyaffectingthedistributionofvector-bornediseases
likemalaria,filariasis,elephantiasisetc.,
4. EffectsonAgriculture:Ariseof2
0
cmaybequiteharmfultocrops,soilmoisture
willdecrease,evopo-transpirationwillincreased,whichmayaffectwheatand
maizeproductionincreasingintemperaturewillincreasepestgrowth.
MEASURES
1. cutdownthecurrentrateofCFC’s
2. useenergymoreefficiency
3. shiftfromcoaltoN.Gas
4. Increasenuclearpowerplants.
5. stabilizepopulationgrowth
6. Plantmoretrees.
ACIDRAINS
Oxidesofsulpherandnitrogenoriginatingfrom industrialoperationsandfossil
fuelcombustionarethemajorsourcesofacidforminggases. Thesegasesare
oxidizedoverseveraldaysbywhichtimetheytravelseveralthousandkilometers.Inthe
atmospherethesegasesareultimatelyconvertedintosulphuricacid. Theseacids
causeacidicrain.
Effects:
1. ItcausesdeteriorationofbuildingsespeciallymadeofmarbleEx:Tajmahal
2. Itdamagestonestatues,metalsandcarfinishing.
3. Aquaticlifeespeciallyfisharebadlyaffectedbylakeacidification

3. 4. Aquaticanimalssurfacefrom toxicityofmetalsresultsinreproductivefailure,
andkillingoffish.
5. Itdamagesandweakenstrees.
Control:
1. EmissionofSO2andNO2from industriesandpowerplantsshouldbereducedby
usingpollutioncontrolequipments.
2. LimingoflakesandsoilsshouldbedonetocorrectthePHofwater.
3. Aprotectivecoatingisgivenintheinteriorofwaterpipesfordrinkingwater
OZONELAYERDEPLETION
Forthe last450 million years the earth had a naturalsunscreen in the
stratospherecalledtheozonelayer.Thisfiltersoutharmfulultravioletradiationsfrom
thesunlightandprotectsvariouslifeformsontheearth.
Ozoneisaform ofoxygencontainingthreeoxygenatoms(O3).Inthelower
mesosphere,atmosphericoxygengetsdissociateandcombineswithmolecularoxygen
ofupperstratosphereandproducingozone.
Causes:
1. CFC’s from refrigerators,airconditioners and spray cans released into
atmosphere.
2. Nitrooxideemittedbysupersonicaircrafts.
3. Bycombinationoffossilfuelsanduseofnitrogenfertilization.
4. Sulphateaerosolsfromdenselypopulatedindustrialareas.
5. Nuclear explosions produce large quantities of Nox directly enter into
stratosphere.
Effects:
1. OzonedepletioninthestratospherewillresultinmoreUVradiationreachingthe
earthresultinmutationandcancer.
2. AbsorptionofUVraysbylensandcorneaofeyeballwillresultsincataract.
3. MelaninproducingcellsoftheskinwillbedestroyedbyUVrays.
4. PhytoplanktonsaresensitivetoUVexposureandalsoaffectingthezooplankton
fish,marineanimals.
5. Yieldofvitalcropslikecorn,rice,soyabean,cotton,bean,pea,sorghum and
wheatswilldecrease.
6. Degradationofpaints,plasticsandotherpolymermaterialwillresultineconomic
lossduetoUVradiation.

4. WATERCONSERVATION
WaterbeingoneofthemostpreciousandJudiciousresourceneedstobeconserved
somemeasuresinclude.
1. Decreasingrun-offlosses,Hugewaterlossoccursduetorun-offonmostofthesoils,
whichcanbereducedby
a.contourcultivation
b.Chemicalwettingagents(surfactants)
c.Surfaceleapresidue
d.Chemicalconditionerslikegypsums
e.Waterstoragestructure
2. Reducingevaporationlosses
3. Reducingirrigationlosses.
4. Re-useofwater
5. preventingwastageofwater
Theconsumerhastopayahigherbillwithhigheruseofwater.Thishelpsineconomic
useofwaterbytheconsumer.
Isthecarefuluseandprotectionofwaterresourcesandinvolvesboththequantityand

5. qualityofwaterused.
DomesticConservation:
Asmuchashalfofthewaterusedfordomesticpurposescanbesavedbyserious
changesinthelifestylesbyimplementingfollowingmeasures.
1. Takeshortershowers.
2. Repairallleaksquickly
3. Turnoffwaterwhennotneededforwashingbrushingteeth,shaving
4. Useconservingappliances,likeefficientdishwashersandwashingmachinesetc.
5. Uselow-flowtoiletsandflush
6. Usegraywaterfromwashingmachinestowatervegetation.
7. Inaridandsemi-aridregions,replacelushgreenlawnswithdecorativerockgarden.
8. Localbodiesshouldinstallwatermeterandencouragewaterpricingpolicies.
IndustrialConservation:
Waterconservationmeasuresthatcanbetakenbyindustriesandmanufacturingunits
include.
1. Usingdrycoolingsystems(or)coolingtowers.
2. Reusethecoolingwaterforirrigation
3. Industriesshouldtreatandrecyclethewaterbydevelopingnewequipment
AgriculturalConservation:
Agricultureisthebiggestwateruser.Improvedirrigationcouldreducewithdrawisby
20to30%.
1. Usesprinklers(or)dripirrigation.
2. Givewatertofieldsintheearlymorning(or)atnightwhenevaporationisminimum.
3. Adoptbetterfarmingtechniques,suchasminimumtillage.
4. Usemulchtohelpretainwateraroundplants.
5. Encouragingthedevelopmentofcropsthatrequireslesswaterandaredroughtresistant.
RAINWATERHARVESTING
Isatechniqueofincreasingtherechargeofgroundwaterbycapturingandstoring
rainwaterthis isdone byconstructing specialwater-harvesting structure like dug wells,
percolationpits,lagoons,checkdams.Rainwaterharvestinghasthefollowingobjectives
i) toreducerun-offloss
ii) toavoidfloodingofroads
iii) tomeettheincreasingdemandofwater
iv) toraisethewatertablebyrecharginggroundwater
v) toreducewatercontamination

6. Isdefinedasamethodforinducing,collecting,storingandconservinglocalsurface
runoffforlateruse.Thisisofthreetypes.
1. Watercollectedfrom rooftopsusedfordomesticpurpose(or)forgroundwater
recharge.
2. Micro-attachmentwaterharvestingisamethodofcollectingsurfacerunofffromasmall
catchmentsareaandstoringitintherootzoneplantedwithtrees,bushes(or)annual
crops.
3. Macrocatchmentswaterharvesting,alsocalledharvestingfrom externalcatchments
whererunofffromhillslopeisconveyedtothecroppingarealocatedathillfoot.
Thecollectionofrainwaterfrom roofscaneasilytakeplaceincitiesanunderground
tank,sealedfrom allsideswithasmallopeningontopforcleaningwithlime(adisinfectant)
wereseeneverywhere.
WATERSHEDMANAGEMENT
Thewatershedisdefinedasthelandareafrom whichwaterdrainsundergravitywhich
waterdrainsundergravitytoacommondrainagechannelitrangesfrom afewkilometersto
fewthousandsq.kilometers.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Torehabilitatethewatershedthroughproperlanduse.
2. Tomanagethewatershedforbeneficialdevelopmentalactivitieslikedomesticwater
supplyirrigation,hydropowergenerationetc.
3. Tominimizetherisksoffloods
4. Todevelopruralareas.
PRACTICES:
1. Waterharvesting
2. Aforestation
3. Mechanicalmeasuresforreducingsoilerosionandrunofflosses.
4. Scientificmining
5. Publicparticipation
Themanagementofasingleunitoflandwithitswaterdrainagesystem iscalled
watershedmanagement.Itisatechniquethathasseveralcomponents.Thisincludessoiland
watermanagementdevelopingvegetativecover.
Thisisalandmanagementprogram thatlooksataregionfrom theperspectiveofallits
waterrelatedissues.Itcanbeusedtomanageariverfrom itssourcetoitstermination.Itis
alsothemanagementofsinglevallyasaunitbasedonitssmallstreams.

7. ENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION
On5
th
June,1972,environmentwasfirstdiscussedasanitemofinternationalagendain
theU.N.conferenceonHumanEnvironmentinstockholusandthereafter5
th
Juneiscelebrated
allovertheworldasworldEnvironmentDaysoonaftertheconferenceourcountrytook
substantivelegislativestepsforenvironmentalprotection.Theseinclude
1. Wildlife(protection)Act1972.
2. Water(preventionandcontrolofpollution)Act,1972
3. Forest(conservation)Act.1980.
4. Air(Preventionandcontrolofpollution)Act,1981
5. Environment(protective)Act,1986.
ConstitutionalProvisions:
Theprovisionsforenvironmentalprotectiveintheconstitutionweremadewithinfour
yearsofstockholusconference,in1976throughthe42
nd
amendmentasfollows
Article48–A–“Thestateshallendeavortoprotectandimprovetheenvironmentandto
safeguardforestandwildlifeofthecountry”.
Article51A(g)–“ItshallbethedutyofeverycitizenofIndiatoprotectandimprovethe
naturalenvironmentincludingforest,lakes,riversandwildlifeandtohavecompassionforliving
creatures”.
Thusoverconstitutionincludesenvironmentalprotectionandconservationasoneofour
fundamentalduties.
Themainregulatorybodiesarethepollutioncontrolboards,whichhavebeen,conferred
thefollowingdutiesandpowers.
CentralpollutionControlBoard(CPCB):
1. Itadvicesthecentralgovt.inmattersrelatedtopreventionandcontrolofpollution.
2. CoordinatestheactivitiesofstatepollutionandControlBoardsandprovidesthem
technicalassistanceandguidance.
3. Organizetrainingprogramsonpollutionrelatedissues.
4. collects,compilesandpolishertechnicalandstatisticaldatarelatedtopollution
5. Preparesmanualsfortreatmentanddisposalofsewageandeffluents
6. Laysdownstandardsforwaterqualityparameters.
7. Plantation-wideprogramsforprevention,control(or)abatementofpollution.
8. Establisherandrecognizelaboratoriesforanalysisofwater,sewage(or)effluence
sample.
StatePollutionControlBoards:
1. TheBoardadvisestheStateGovt.withrespecttothelocationofanyindustrythatmight
polluteastream(or)awell.

8. 2. TheStateBoardisempoweredtotakelegalsamplesoftradeefficientinaccordance
withtheprocedurelaiddownintheAct.
3. Everyindustryhastoobtainconsentform theBoardbyapplyingonaprescribed
Performaprovidingalltechnicaldetails.
4. TheBoardsuggestedefficientmethodsforutilization,treatmentanddisposaloftrade
effluents.
ENVIRONMENTANDHUMANHEALTH
Accordingtheworldhealthorganization(WHO)healthis“astateofcompletephysical,
mentalandsocialwell-beingandmerelytheabsenceofdisease(or)infirmity”.Humanhealthis
influencedbymanyfactorslikenutritional,biologicalchemical(or)psychological. These
factorsmaycauseharmfulchangesinthebody’sconditionercalleddisease”.
1.InfectionsOrganisms:Microbesespeciallybacteriacancausefoodpoisoningbyproducing
toxinsinthecontaminatedfoodsomemouldsgrow onfoodandproducepoisonoustoxins.
Infectionsorganismscanalsocauserespiratorydiseases(pneumonia,tuberculosis,influenza
etc.,)gastrointestinaldiseases(diarrhea,dysentery,choleraetc.,).Therearevarioustypesof
parasitesthatcausediseaseslikemalaria,filariasisetc.Mostofthereinfectionstakeplace
whentheenvironmentalconditionsareuncleanandunhygienic.
2.Chemicals:Alargenumberofchemicalsareintroducedintheenvironmentbymanmade
activitieschemicalscanbedividedintotwotypes1.Hazardousandtoxicchemicalshazardous
arethedangerouschemicalslikeexplosives,inflammablechemicalsetc.Toxicchemicalsare
poisonouschemicalswhichkillcellsandcancausedeath.Manyotherchemicalscausecancer
(carcinogenic),affectgeneticmaterial(DNA)incells,affectnervoussystem(neurotoxin).
3. Noise:Soundlevelsbeyondthepermissiblelevelexistforcertainduration;itbecomes
painfulandsometimesirreparabledamagehearingdamagevarioustypesofphysiologicaland
psychologicalchangesareinducedbynoisepollution.
4.Radiations:thereareknowntocauseshort-term andlong-term changesinvariousorgan
cosmicrays,UVrayscauseharmfuleffect,includingcancer.
5.Diet:Ithasaveryimportantroleinmaintaininghealthmalnutritionmakeshumansproneto
otherdiseases.Thereisastrongcorrelationbetweencardiovasculardiseasesandtheamount
ofsaltandfatinone’sdiet.Foodcontamination,adulterationcancauseilleffects.
6.Settlement:Properenvironment,availableofbasicnecessitiesoflifelike,water,sanitation
etc.,areessentialforhealthyliving.
HIV/AIDS
AIDS,theacquiredImmunoDeficiencySyndromeisnotahereditarydiseasebutis
causedbyHIV(HumanImmunoDeficiencyVirus).HIVfrom aninfectedpersoncanpasstoa
normalpersonthroughbloodcontactgenerallyduringunprotectsex,shavingneedles(or)
syringes,mothertobabies.

9. HIVdoesn’tspreadthroughtear,sweet,urine,forces(or)salivaduringnormalkissing.It
alsodoesnotspreadbysharingutensils,towelsandtoiletseats. Accordingtoarecent
estimateabout40millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS.AIDSwasdiscoveredin1983.
WhenthereisanAIDSepidemiclargenumberofdeathsoccurswhichadverselyaffect
localenvironmentandnaturalresources.Duetolargenumberofdeaththereislossoflabor
andthelevelofproductiondecreases.
WOMENANDCHILDWELFARE
WomenWelfare:
Womenusuallysurfacediscriminationanddevaluationathomeatworkplace,inmatrimonyin
inheritance,inpubliclifeandpowerparticularlyIdevelopingcountries.Theexceptionallyhigh
numberofcasesofabduction,dowrydeaths,rape,domesticviolence,criminaloffencesand
mentaltorturetowomenissomethingthatneedsimmediateattentionandreformsinthe
interestofthewomen. Therearenow many‘womengroups’whoactivelytake-upwomen
welfareissuesandlegallyconstituted“womencells”thatexistalmosteverywhereandfightfor
protectionofwomanrightsanddignity.Thereisafullyfledgedministryforwomenandchild
developmentwhosesoleaimistoworkforthewelfareandupliftmentofwomenencompassing
familyplanning,healthcare,educationandawareness.
ChildWelfare:
Childrenareconsideredtobetheassetsofasociety.But,ironically,thestatisticalfigurestell
usthataboutamillionbabies,outof21millionborneveryyearinIndiaareabandonedsoon
aftertheirbirth dueto differentsocio-economicreasons. MinistryofHuman Resource
Development(MHRD),GOIformulatedwelfareinthepriorityareasofhealth,education,nutrition,
cleanandsafedrinkingwater,sanitationandenvironment.
POPULATIONEXPLOTION
Thegrowthofhumanpopulationcanbeviewedinfourmajorperiods.
1. Anearlyperiodofhunters:Thepopulationdensitywasabout1personper260SqKm.It
isestimatedthatthetotalpopulationwasprobablylessthanamillion.
2. Early,Per-industrialagriculture:Thisperiodbegansometimebetween9,000BCand
6,000BCandlasteduntilthe16
th
centuryAD(populationwasabout500million)
3. Theageofindustrialrevolution:About400yearsagowiththeindustrialrevolution
associatedwiththeadvancesinmedicineandhealthcarethepopulationhasreached
900millionin1800ADand3billionby1960.

10. 4. TheModernEra:Thepopulationgrowthhassloweddownindevelopedcountriesbutstill
continuestoincreaseindevelopingcountries.Atmid2002theworldpopulationstood
at6.2billion. Accordingtoprojectiontheglobalpopulationwillbeapproximately8
billionby2025and10billionby2050.
VARIATIONAMONGNATIONS
Intermsofcontinentsandcountries,theworld’spopulationisveryillbalanced.More
thanhalfoftheworld’speopleliveinAsia(App.3.7billions),America(1.3billion),Africa(840
million),Europe(728million)oftheworld’spopulation.
Thedistributionwithinthecontinentsisalsouneven.InAsia,Chinaalone,with1.28
billion.India–1.05billion,Pakistan–143.5million,Bangladesh–133.6million;Nepal–23.9
million,SriLanka– 18.9million,Bhutan– 0.9million,Maldives– 0.3million. Themost
populousEuropeancountriesareRussia–143.5million,Germany–82.4million,UK–60.2
million,France–59.5million,Italy–58.1million,Spain–41.3millionandPoland–38.6million.
AfricaandAmericanpeopleareforthemostpartspreadverythinlyacrosstheland
leavinglargesectionsuchasNorthernCanada,SouthWestUSA,theSaharadesertandthe
AmazonForestpracticallyuninhabited.
Therapidgrowthofpopulationisperhapsthemostobviousfactoraffectingthepresent
andfuturenationalandregionaldevelopment.
POPULATIONCHARACTERISTICS
1. ExponentialGrowth:Whenaquantityincreasesbyaconstantamountperunittime
Ex.1,35,7etc.,itiscalledlinergrowth.But,whenitincreasesbyafixedpercentageitisknown
asexponentialgrowtheg.10,10
2
,10
3
,10
4
,(or)2,4,8,16,32etc,.
2. DoublingTime:Thetimeneededforapopulationtodoubleitssizeataconstantannual
rateisknownasdoublingtime.Itiscalculatedasfollows.
Td=70/r
WhereTd=doublingtimeinyears
r=Annualgrowthrate
Ifanationhas2%annualgrowthrate,itspopulationwilldoublein35year.
1.TotalFertilityRates(TFR):Itisoneofthekeymeasuresofanationpopulationgrowth.Is
definedastheaveragenumberofchildrenthatwouldbeborntowomeninherlifetimeif
theagespecificbirthratesremainconstant.Thevaluevariesfrom 1.9indeveloped
nationto4.7indevelopingnation.
2.InfantMortalityRate:Itisanimportantparameteraffectingfuturegrowthofapopulation.It
isthepercentageofinfantsdiedoutofthoseborninayearthisratehasdeclinedinthe
last50years.
3.ReplacementLevel:Thisisanimportantconceptinpopulationdynamics(or)demography.

11. Twoparentsbearingtwochildrenwillbereplacedbytheiroffspring.Thelevelisabout
2.7indevelopingnationsand2.1fordevelopednations.
4.AgeStructure:Agestructureofpopulationofanationcanberepresentedbyagepyramids,
baseduponpeoplebelongingtodifferentageclasseslikepre-productive(0-14yr),
reproductive(15-44yr)postreproductive(45yrandabove).
5.Zeropopulationgrowth(2PG):Whenbirthplusimmigrationinapopulationarejustequalto
deathsplusemigrationitissaidtobezeropopulationgrowth.
6.Male-Femaleratio:Theratioofboysandgirlsshouldbefairlybalancedinasocietyto
flourish.InChinatheratiobecome
7.LifeExpectancy:Itistheaverageagethatanewborninfantisexpectedtoaffairsinagiven
country.Theaveragerisesfrom40to60.5years.
8.DemographicTransition:Populationgrowthisusuallyrelatedtoeconomicdevelopment.
Thereoccursatypicalfallindeathratesand birth ratesdueto improved living
conditions leading to low population growth,a phenomenon called demographic
transition.
EffectsofPopulationExplosion:
1. Unemployment
2. Lowlivingstandardsofpeople.
3. Slowprocessofdevelopmentofeconomy.
4. Pressureonagriculturalland.
5. Lowpercapitaincome.
6. Lackofbasicamenitieslikewatersupplyandsanitationeducation,healthetc.
7. HighCrimerate.
8. Environmentaldamage.
9. MigrationtourbanareainsearchofJob.
10. Energycrisis
11. Overcrowdingofcitiesleadstodevelopmentofslums.
Inordertoovercomethisproblem ofpopulationexplosion,asoundpopulationpolicyis
requiredwiththefollowingobjectives.
1. Quickeconomicdevelopmentandraisingthepercapitaincome.
2. Reductioninbirthrate,risingageofmarriage.
3. Improvementofthequalityofthepopulationaswellbyprovidingbetterfacilitiesin
education,healthetc.,
4. Thedeathrateshouldbebroughtdownfurther,ashighdeathrateresultsinwasteof
humanenergyandresources.
5. Integratingpopulationplanningwitheconomicplanning.
ROLEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYINENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES

12. Information Technology has tremendous potentialin the field ofenvironmental
education and health. Developmentofinternetfacilities,World WideWeb,geographical
informationsystems(GIS)andinformationthroughsatelliteshasgeneratedawealthofup-to-
dateinformationonvariousaspectsofenvironmentalhealth.
1. Database:
Isthecollectionofinter-relateddataonvarioussubjectsGOIhastakenupthetaskof
compilingadatabaseonvariousbioticcommunitiesitincludeswildlifedatabase,
conservationdatabase,forestcoverdatabaseetc,. Databaseisalsoavailablefor
diseaseslikeHIV/AIDS,MalariaandFlourosisetc.
2. NationalManagementInformationSystem(NMIS):
OfthedepartmentofScienceandTechnologyhascompiledadatabaseonResearch
and DevelopmentProjects along with information aboutresearch scientists and
personnelinvolved.
3. EnvironmentalInformationSystem(ENVIS):
TheMinistryofEnvironmentandForests,GOIhascreatedaninformationsystem called
EnvironmentalInformationSystem(ENVIS).WithitsheadquartersinDelhiitfunctionsin
25differentcentersalloverthecountry.Itworksforgeneratinganetworkofdatabase
in areas like pollution control,clean technologies,remote sensing,environment
renewableenergy,desertification,wildlifeminingetc,.
4. RemoteSensingandGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS):
Satelliteimageriesprovideusactualinformationaboutvariousphysicalandbiological
resourcesandalsotosomeextentabouttheirstateofdegradationinadigitalform through
remotesensing.
GISistechniqueofsuperimposingvariousthematicmapsusingdigitaldataonalarge
numberofInter-related(or)interdependentaspects.
5. WorldwideWeb(www):
A vastquantum ofcurrentdataisavailableonWorldWideWeboneofthemost
importanton-linelearningcenterwithpowerwebis
www.mnhe.com/environmentalscience.
Providesthemostcurrentandrelevantinformationonprinciplesofenvironmental
science,variousproblems,queries,applicationsandsolutions.
Theroleonlinelearningcenterwebsitehasthefollowingfeatures.
a) Studentfriendlyfeatures:Theseincludepracticequiz,howtostudytips,webexercises,
environmentalmaps,key-termscarrierinformation,currentarticlesand interactive
encyclopedia.
b) Teacher-friendlyFeatures:Thereincludeinadditiontoabove,casestudiesanswerto
webexercises,solution,editingfacilityisavailable.
IThaseffectiveroleineducation,managementandplanninginthefieldofenvironment.
S.BALACHANDAR

13. M.Sc,M.Tech(PhD)NETSET