DESKTOP STUDY ON EMPORIA SHOPPING CENTRE SWEDEN AND EVOLUTION ONF MALLS, HISTORY OF MALLS SIZE OF THE SHEET IS A2, SO DOWNLOAD IT FOR CLEAR VISIBILITY.

1. EMPHORIASHOPPINGCENTER-MALMO,SWEDEN.
*AfeatureofWingårdh'sistosurprisethevisitorsofthebuildings,keepingtheentranceofabuildinglowandthen”heightenthesenseofspaceanddramawhenenteringthemainrooms”.Healsohasagood
knowledgeofdetailsaswellasanunderstandingofintricatebuildingstructureswhichrequiresgoodknowledgeofsociologicalprocessesandhumanbehaviour.
AulaMedica KuggenEmporiaQualityHotelFriends VictoriaTower
*Inspiredbynatureandtheenvironment,whilerecognisingtheimportanceofrelationshipsandplacesforsocialinteraction,Wingårdhembracesavarietyofinfluences,includingchildhoodimpressionsofhis
hometownofSkövdeinsouthernSwedenandtheworkofcontemporaryarchitectsandartists.
“Wingårdhembracesavarietyofinfluences,includingchildhoodimpressionsofhishometown.”
“‘Ilikenaturetoinvadethebuildings,’explainsWingårdh.”
INTEGRATINGNATUREINTOARCHITECTURE:
*ThroughouthiscareerWingårdhhascontinuallyintegratedthelandscapeintohiswork.Overthepastfewyears,hehascollaboratedwithNatur-OrienteradDesign(NOD),agroupofStockholm-based
landscapearchitects.
EXTRADIMENSIONS:
*Intermsoftheinternalorganisationofspacewithinabuilding,Wingårdhoftenaimstocreate‘anextradimension’.Thecombinationofdifferentceilingheightsandan‘hourglass’arrangementofrooms–
visitorsarechannelledthroughanarrowerspacebetweentwoareas–givesrisetodifferentconcentrationsofspace.
Location - Malmö,Sweden
Coordinates - 55°33′51″N12°58′23″E
Address - HyllieBoulevard19
21532Malmö
Openingdate -25October2012
Architect -GertWingårdh
NNo.ofstores -220
Retailfloorarea-65,000m2(700,000sqft)
No.offloors -4
Parking -3,500
Publicaccess -Hyllierailwaystation
*EmporiaisashoppingmallandoneofthebiggestonesinScandinavia.ItissituatedinthecityofMalmöinSweden,nearMalmöArenaandHyllierailwaystation.
*Emporiaopenedon25October2012andthetotalconstructionexpensewasabout2billionSwedishkronor.ThearchitectoftheEmporiaprojectisGert
WingårdhofWingårdharkitektkontor.Steen&Strøm ownsthebuilding.
*ThebuildinghasbeendecoratedwithsounddesignandsoundscapescreatedbyRadjaSoundDesignAgency.
*Approximately200shopsarelocatedinEmporia,withatotalareaof93,000m².Themallisthreestoriestoppedwitharoofterracemeasuring27,000m²,
equivalenttoapproximatelyfoursoccerfields.Intotal,themallemploysaround3,000people.AccordingtoEmporia,theyhavearound25,000visitorsperday.
*Peopletypicallyspend45minto2hrhere
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN
*Theprojectisthewinningentryforthecompetitionandthemainideawastohideinward-lookingretailbehindawreathofresidentialandcommercialbuildings.
Theaim wastocreatethepreconditionssothewholeshoppingcomplexwouldeventuallybecomefullyintegratedintotheexistingcityfabric.
*Thestrongform wasneededinordertoattractvisitorsfrom StationSquaretocomeandspendmoney.
*Theresultisacolorfulcollectionofinteriorspaces,wrappedinasinuous,psychedelicsurfacethatappearstobeonfirewhenthesunstrikesitright.
*Emporiaisfirstandforemostanurbanplanningprojectinwhichoffices,housing,andretailcometogetherinamixed-usedevelopmentalongBoulevardenandStationsgataninHyllie,
onthesouthsideofMalmö.Onthenorthsideofthecomplex,arampleadsintoarainbow-coloredparkinggarage(for2500cars)withdirectaccesstothefigureeight.Totheeastisasurfaceparkinglot
(for500)rightoutsidethesupermarket. [RESOURCES: ,https://www.designbuild-network.com/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Wing%C3%A5rdh,
T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-5 SIGN: SHEETNO:
EMPHORIA SHOPPING CENTRE:SITEVIEWS,ELEVATIONSINALLDIRECTIONS.
www.emporia.se https://www.e-architect.co.uk/sweden/emporia]
“We’releavingpostmodern,backward-lookingarchitecturebehind.”
Nötkärnan
AulaMedicaAuditorium
SpiraPerformingArtsCenter
ARCHITECT:GertWingårdh
*GertWingårdhstartedasaPostmodernistinthe1980s,asoneofthearchitectswhobrokeawayfrom thestrongFunctionalist(Internationalstyle)norm thatheldswayoverScandinavialonger
thaninothercountries.
*Heisknowntopickupnewtrendsinarchitecturequicklyandinterpretthem withapersonalexpressivelanguagewhichintegratesthesurroundinglandscapesintotheprojects:
"Hisbuildingsdonotstubbornlyadheretoonestylebutarearesponsetothetaskinhandandthesurroundingenvironmentalconditions.
Sweden’srichtraditionofbuildingwithwoodandastrongecologicalawarenessiscombinedwithhightechexpertise"
*Wingårdhhashimselfdescribedhisarchitectureas”highorganic”,combininghightechwithorganicarchitecture.Healsohasbeendescribedasa”maximalist”ratherthana”minimalist”,
hisbuildingsbeing”akindofmodernbaroque”

2. SITEEVOLUTIONACCORDINGTOTHECONTEXT:
FLOORPLANSANDDETAILINGS:
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
RESOURSES:https://uk.phaidon.com/,https://archello.com/project/emporia
T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-6 SIGN: SHEETNO:
*Ontheothersideofthebuilding,theglassiscobaltblue.
“Twomainentrancesleadpeopleintotheshoppingcentre,
"saysLyth."Theyareformedbyadouble-curvedglass
[structure].Theyshoulddragpeopleinsidetheshoppingc
entre.”
*Wingårdh’sdesignlooksconventionalenough–along
straight-linedglazedfaçade–untilthecentralentrance,whereitseemsasifthe
structurehaspartiallymelted.Likethefaçade,thisisalsocladinamberglass,
hencethemoltenlavaeffect.

3. CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES:
GLASSASKEYMATERIAL:
COLOURFUL INTERIORS:
*Colorisusedextensivelyinthedesign,outsideandin.Shoppersaredirectedthroughthethreestoryspaceina"figureeight"
patternwhichcancreateabitofdisorientation.Wingårdhs'designerschosetocombatthiscommercialconfusionbygivingeach
sectionofthemallauniquecolorsignaturetohelpshoppersnavigatethesprawlingstructureintuitively.
*ThegrowingcityisexpandingintosomeofnorthernEurope´smostfertilefarminglandandthedesignersdecidedtotryand
givesomeofthatspacebackbyconstructinga290,626square-footroofpark.
*The2,228,130squarefootstructurecostjustover$390,000,000withthehopeofattractingcommuterswhotravelthroughanearbytrainstation.
RESOURCES:https://www.wired.com/2013/12/emp
oria-mall/
https://www.archdaily.com/386107/
facts-emporia-wingardhs
https://archello.com
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-6 SIGN: SHEETNO:
*Thisgreenroofwillhelpalleviateflooding,reducenoise,andaddthermalinsulationtothebuildingwhileprovidingahabitatforbirds,plants,andinsects.Itwillalsobeusedtohostconcertsandotherevents.
*TheunconventionalcoveringalsogavethethearchitectsanopportunitytohidetheuglyHVACsystemsunderneathman-made"hills,"creatingaseamlessenvironmentalexperience.
*GreenspaceextendsintotheEmporiaaswellintheform ofPlantwires,aninnovativehanginggardensystem thatsuspendsgiantcolumnsofjunglevines,flowers,andverdantleaves.
Thedesignersadoptedamotto“nointermediatescale,”whichbasicallymeans,gobigorgosmall,but"avoidthein-betweenscale,from onecentimetertoonemeter,todirect
attentiontotheproductsbehindtheglassshopfronts,"saysWingårdhs.
Therooftopparkisdesignedasabitofcultivatednature.Its
vegetation(sedum,prairiegrass,andtrees)anditssun-facing,
wind-shelteredpatiosareaccessiblefrom bothinsideandoutside
thebuilding.Thehillsthatprovideprotectionfrom thewindare
actuallyhidingmechanicalrooms.Inthefuturetheroofwillbe
developedwithoutdoordiningandaspafacilitylikeamusement
parks,shoppingcenparks,shoppingcentersneedtooffernewattractionsatregular
intervals.
*GlassisusedtointerpretthesunandtheseaatEmporiashoppingcomplex,thefaçadeofEmporiaisaflatglasssurfacewithalarge
sectionpulledinwardandupwardtocreateamagnificentcurvingentrance.
*TheamberglassentranceatHyllieStationSquaredrawsshoppersinwithitsdiagonalchasm cutdeepintoablockofgold.
*From theopposingsideofthiscomplex,asimilarcollapsedglassentranceofseabluepullspeopleinlikethetide
*Together,theseopeningsarelikethesunandthesea,andinbetween,Emporiaoffersthreestoriesofrainbow-huedarchitecture
arrangedinafigureeight.
*Tobuildbothofthesecurvaceousglassentrances,glassmanufacturerCRICURSAcreated567moldstoslump815curvedglasspanels.

4. NorthlandShoppingCenter
Michigan,1951
SouthdaleMinneapolis,1956
Xian1994MiltonKeynes1979
Pompeii70A.D. Trajan`smarket100-110A.D. Medievallocalmarket Tradefacetoface
BazaarinGoa,1595.
China,17thcenturyFairs,StGermaine,1650.StJohnsMarket,Liverpool1822.
LesHalles,Paris1840 Constantinople,15thcentury CrystalPalaceLondon,
1851.
PASTTOPRESENT
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-6 SIGN: SHEETNO:
RESOURCES:ATHESISSUBMITTEDBYBUKETERGUNKOCAİLİ
AuBonMarcheParis,
1852-54.
Escalators,1859. GalleriaVittorio
EmanueleMilan,1865-67.
LesGrandMagasinsParis,
1875.
Harrodsescalator,1898.Boots,1915LakeForest,1916.DHEvansLondon,
1934-37
Seattle1941
LosAngeles1948
EVOLUTIONOFSHOPPINGMALLS:

5. ARCHITECTURALDESIGN
HISTORYOFMALLS:
“Peoplehadnomoney.Theyjustwouldn’tgointoshops”
“VictorGruenimagineddesigninganenvironmentfullofgreeneryandshops.Anindoorplazawhichcouldbeanislandofconnectioninthemiddleofthesprawl.Onethatwouldget
peopleoutoftheircarsinordertowalkandstrollwithinthem.”
ThesuburbslackedwhatsociologistRayOldenburgcallsthirdplaces.Ifhomeistheprimary
place,andworkisasecondplace,thenathirdplaceanywhereelseonegoestobearound
otherpeople—tobuildcommunity,tohangout,tofeelconnected.Gruenwantedtogive
theAmericansuburbsthatthirdplace.
T.NOMESHWARI
17041AA109
SECTION-C
SEMESTER-6
SIGN:
LITERATURE STUDY
SHEETNO:
VictorGruen’sshoppingmallSouthdaleinMinneapolis,
openedin1956,wasthefirstfullyenclosedandenvironmentallycontrolledshoppingcentrewiththeprogressiveair-conditioning
system Itwasthelargestcenterofthattimewithtwolevelsofshopsservedandsurroundedbydeckedparking,providingdirect
pedestrian76accesstobothlevelsofthecentre.GruenmodeledSouthdaleonthearcadesofEuropeancities,wherepeople
wouldcometogethertoshop,drinkcoffee,andsocialize..
Theoriginalmallwascenteredarounda3-story,30.5m
wide,‘‘GardenCourt’’,whichhadtropicallandscaping,
statues,afountainandbirdaviary.Theoriginalsplit-
levelparkingarea,andhowitwasinterconnectedwith
thetworetaillevelsofthemall,wasinnovativeindesign
wherethelotswerenamedforanimals,suchas‘‘Bear’’,
‘‘‘Elephant’’andlikethis;tomakeiteasierforshoppers
toremember. https://www.slideshare.net/RamanpreetKaur14/
shopping-mall-47253910
RESOURCES:
VictorGruenimagineddesigninganenvironmentfullofgreenery
andshops.Anindoorplazawhichcouldbeanislandofconnection
inthemiddleofthesprawl.Onethatwouldgetpeopleoutof
theircarsinordertowalkandstrollwithinthem.
GreekAgora...
TheAgorawasacentralspotinancientGreekcity-states.TheAgorawasanopen‘‘placeofassembly’’inancientGreekcity-states.
Mumford(1961)statesthatthemostimportantfunctionoftheagorawasplacefordailycommunicationsandformalandinformalassembly.
ThewordAgoraisGreekfor'openplaceofassembly’and,earlyinthehistoryofGreece,designatedtheareainthecitywherefree-born
citizenscouldgathertohearcivicannouncements,musterformilitarycampaignsordiscusspolitics.LatertheAgoradefinedtheopen-air,
ooftentented,marketplaceofacity(asitstilldoesinGreek)wheremerchantshadtheirshopsandwherecraftsmenmadeandsoldtheir
wares.TheoriginalAgoraofAthenswaslocatedbelowtheAcropolisnearthebuilding.
Forum (Roman)...
TheRomanForum isasmallopenrectangle
surroundedbytheruinsofancientgovernment
buildingsatthecenterofthecityofRome.
Citizensoftheancientcityreferredtothis
marketplaceastheForum,amarketplace,along
withthebuildingsusedwiththebuildingsusedforshopsandthestoas
usedforopenstalls.
19thcenturyshops...
Forwealthywomenshoppingwasapopularpastimeinthe19thcentury.Inthelate19thcentury
shoppingarcadeswerebuiltinmanyBritishtowns.Alsointhelate19thcenturydepartment
storesbecamecommon.Intheearly20thcenturychainstoresalsobecamecommonalthough
manyshopswerestillfamilyowned.
Moderntimeshops...
Ashoppingmallisaterm,inwhichoneormorebuildingsform acomplexofshopsrepresentingmerchandisers
withinterconnectingwalkwaysthatenablecustomerstowalkfrom unittounit.
Retailspacesaredesignedforimpulseshopping.Whenyougotoastorelookingforsocksandcomeoutwithanewshirt,it’sonlypartlyyourfault.Shopsaretryingtolooksobeautiful,sowelcoming,the
itemssoenticinglydisplayedandinsuchvastquantity,thattheconsumerwillstartbuyingcompulsively.ThisistheGruenEffect.
GruenEffect.
Astoaisapublicspaceprotected
from thesunandrain,itwasan
idealplaceforsociallifeof
Mediterraneancities;sometimes
alsomeetbusinessfunctions,
stayingtradingposts.

6. MALLPLANNINGGUIDELINES:
EXTERNALSTAIRS
Externalstairs,whenprovidedshallcomplythefollowing:
Externalstairsshallalwaysbekeptinsoundoperableconditions.
Ailexternalstairsshallbedirectlyconnectedtotheground.
Theexternalstairsshallbeconstructedofnoncombustiblematerials,
Noexternalstaircase,usedasafireescape,shallbeinclinedatanangle
ggreaterthan45°from thehorizontal.
Externalstairsshallhavestraightflightnotlessthan1250mm wide
with250mm treadsandrisersnotmorethan190mm.
Thenumberofrisersshallbelimitedto15perflight.
Handrailsshallbeofaheightnotlessthan1000mm andnotexceeding
1200mm.Thereshallbeprovisionsofbalusterswithmaximum gapof
150mm.
Theuseofspiralstaircaseshallbelimitedtolowoccupantloadandto
abuildingnotexceeding9m inheight.
Aspiralstaircaseshallbenotlessthan1500mm indiameterand
shallbedesignedtogiveadequateheadroom.
AIRCONDITIONING,HEATINGANDMECHANICAL
VENTILATION PLANNINGDESIGNCRITERIA:
Theobjectofinstallingventilationandairconditioningfacilities
inbuildingsshallbetoprovideconditionsunderwhichpeoplecan
liveincomfort,worksafelyandefficiently.
Ventilationandairconditioninginstallationshallaim at
contcontrollingandoptimizingfollowingfactorsinthebuilding:
a)Airpurityandfiltration,
b)Airmovement,
c)Dry-bulbtemperature,
d)Relativehumidity,
e)Noiseandvibration,
f)Energyefficiency,and
gg)Firesafety.
Ramps•Gentleslope:1:12max.1800x1800landingafter9m
oftraveldistance.•Width:1800mm ormore.•Handrailsto
beonbothsidesandattwolevels–760mm and900mm.Extend
300mm beyondtopandbottom oframp.•Warningtileshould
beplacedat300mm beforeandtherampedges.
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-6 SIGN: SHEETNO:
RainWaterHarvesting
SinceJune2001,theMinistryofUrbanaffairsandPoverty
Alleviationhasmaderainwaterharvestingmandatoryinallnew
buildingswitharoofareaofmorethan100sqm andinallplots
withanareaofmorethan1000sqm,thatarebeingdeveloped
Moneyspentbyprofession VisitFrequencybyIncome
VisitPurposebyAgeTimespentbyAge
RESOURSES:InternationalJournalofScientificandResearchPublications,Volume5,Issue3,March2015ISSN2250-3153
https://www.slideshare.net/RamanpreetKaur14/shopping-mall-47253910
https://www.slideshare.net/AbdallahKhalifa2/shopping-centers-72789242
INCOME
EDUCATION
CORRIDORSANDPASSAGEWAYS:
*Wherestairwaysdischargethroughcorridorsandpassageways,theheightofcorridors
andpassagewaysshallbenotlessthan2.4m.
*Allmeansofexitincludingstaircasesliftslobbiesandcorridorsshallbeadequately
ventilated.
*Internalstaircaseminimum widthshallbe2.0m inallgroupFbuilding.Pressurization
ofSofStaircases(ProtectedEscapeRoutes)Pressurizationisamethodadoptedforprotected
escaperoutesagainstingressofsmoke,especiallyinhigh-risebuildings.Inpressurization,
airisinjectedintothestaircases,lobbiesorcorridors,toraisetheirpressureslightly
abovethepressureinadjacentpartsofthebuilding.Asaresult,ingressofsmokeortoxic
gasesintotheescaperouteswillbeprevented.Thepressurizationofstaircasesshallbe
adoptedforhighrisebuildingsandbuildinghavingmixedoccupancy/multiplexeshaving
coveredareamorethan500m2.
Stafffacilities(generalguideonly)Staffnumbers:netsalesareas,
1:50m2to1:80m2
CIRCULATION:Minimum areaperpersoninvarioustypesofbuildings

7. BASICREQUIREMENTS:
T-Shapedplan L-Shapedplan Pin-holeplan cruciform plan
Grossleasableareasvary,manyinfillingcentersfallwithin25000and50000m2
GLAproviding40to100units.Newregionalcentersmayprovideupto
100000m2GLAwith40percentallocatedtolargespaceusers(magnets).
Magnets(HyperMarket,Departmentstore,foodcourt,Cinemazone)
aresitedneartheendsofmallsandbranchestoattractflowsofshopperspasti
ndividualshopsandhaveaneffectiverangeof90to120m.Itisnotpracticalto
extendamallmorethan350m
PARKINGANDTRAFFIC
Aratioofbetween5and6carspacesper1,000sq.ft.of
leasablestoreareaismandatory.
Inthematterofparkinglayout,carstallscanbesetat
angles(say,70‘tothelanes,whichthenrequiresone-way
traffic;orstallscanbeat90'tothelanes,permitting
ttwo-waytraffic.
WHENSAMELEVEL
DIFFERENTLEVELS
OFAMALL
RESOURCES:
https://www.slideshare.net/RamanpreetKaur14/shopping-mall-47253910
https://www.slideshare.net/AbdallahKhalifa2/shopping-centers-72789242
ARCHITECTURALDESIGN T.NOMESHWARI 17041AA109 SECTION-C SEMESTER-6 SIGN: SHEETNO:
RETAILSTOREPLANMEDIUM
MEDIUM RETAILSHOPPLAN
MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
SUPERSHELVING
TYPICALWALLFIXTURES
DIFFERENTSTOREUTILITYSHELVES
WHENBASEMENT
WHENMEZZANINEFLOOR
•Free-standingsupermarketsaverage2100sq.m to2900sq.m.
•With75to80percentofthetotalstoredevotedtosellingspace.
•Andtheremaining20to25percentoffloorspacedevotedto
serviceareas.
•Shouldbeoneoftheprojectmagnetsplacedattheendofa
maincorridorandaccessibletoParking.
•Columnsshouldbe•Columnsshouldbekeptoutofshoppingaisles.
Structuralmodels Width(m)
Smallshops 5.3to6.0
Large-spaceusers 7.3to9.2
Large-spaceusers 3.6minimum 5m
ifthestoreincludeamezzaninelevel
SHOPSIZES&LAYOUTS
-12to15ftwideby50to60ftlonginlargecities;and15to18ft.wideby60
to80ftlonginsmallercities.
Thesedimensionsapplyparticularlytoshopsin100percentretaildistricts.
STOREDEPTHS
-Buildingsareusually120to140ftdeep,
sometimesmoretoaccommodatelargerstores.
`
Verticalmotionofstairs:
-Theaccountnumberanditdisplaysthestairsofentriesandexitstodelete
anumberof33%fortheshelvesandtables.
-15peopleiscalculatedforanareaof70m2.
-Divergestairshousesadistanceof25-30m.
-Itcanbeusedindrawersatthesametimesuchastheinclusionescape,
asobseasobservedintheconstruction.
-Tobefire-resistantandresistanttoexternalfactors.
-Providingarangeofservicesincludingtheelevatorsnearthebathrooms.
-Handrailsshallbeofaheightnotlessthan1000mm andnotexceeding
1200mm.Thereshallbeprovisionsofbalusterswithmaximum gapof150mm.
-Itshouldnotexceedthe
commercialcorridorof250
metersandonlyshopperwill
feelboredbythelengthof
thecommercialcorridor.
-Takesmanyformstrade
cocorridorsmaybewritten,
asstraightinVelizy,Pariscenterorwritten
broken-shaped"L"orbyletterTorcircular
lobbysurroundedinternalMall.
Horizontalmovement:
shouldleadendsofthetradecorridortothe
elementsofattractionmarketingcenter.-
theheightofcorridorsandpassagewaysshall
benotlessthan2.4m.
•Themostimportantelementsandplaya
bigroleinthesuccessorfailureoftheproject.
•Youmustachievegreatercomfortforusers
andhigherefficiencyinuse.