Measles - definition, causes, transmission, clinical features, complications, treatments

1. MEASLES
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 1

2. DEFINITION
Measles is an acute viral respiratory
illness.
It is characterized by a prodrome of fever
(as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough and
conjunctivitis followed by a
maculopapular rash
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 2

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Age – mostly children between ages of 3 and 5
years, rare during first 6 months of life because of
transferred passive immunity from mother.
• Incubation period – 8–10 days.
• Period of infectivity – From onset of prodromal period
to 4 days after appearance of rash.
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 3

4. TRANSMISSION
• Highly infectious and spread by direct
contact or droplet infection.
• Patients suffering from measles shed
virus from their respiratory tract during
the prodromal period and for 24–48
hours after the rash appears
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 4

5. CLINICAL FEATURES
• PRODROMAL STAGE (4-5 DAYS)
• FEVER
• CATARRH (CONJUCTIVITIS, PHOTOPHOBIA)
• KOPLIK’S SPOTS
• LARYNGEAL INVOLVEMENT – HOARSENESS &
LARYNGEAL STRIDER
• GI – PERSISTENT VOMITTING & DIARRHEA
• FLEETING RASHES - URTICARIA
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 5

6. • EXANTHEMATOUS STAGE
• RASH- ON 5TH DAY  RED MACULES
APPEAR BEHIND EAR, HAIR LINE & POST
PART OF CHEECKS  SPREAD RAPIDLY IN
FEW HRS ALL OVER BODY FACE
SWOLLEN IN SEVERE
• MUCOUS MEMBRANE  CONJUNCTIVITIS,
RHINITIS, STOMATITIS, LARYNGITIS,
TRACHEITIS AND BRONCHITIS
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 6

7. • STAGE OF DEFERVESCENCE
• Temperature falls by crisis in 24 to 48
hours.
• Rash fades from face downwards in same
sequence as its appearance and leaves brown
staining
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 7

8. COMPLICATION
• Secondary bacterial otitis media
• Pneumonia
• Laryngo-trachea-bronchitis
• Hepatitis
• Blindness
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 8

9. POST MEASLES STATE
• results from powerful immunosuppressive effect which
alters immunity and the tissue destructive effect of
measles.
• Clinical features.
• (a) Growth retardation and diarrhoea
• (b) Gingivostomatitis
• (c) Corneal ulcers mainly in malnourished children.
• (d) Other uncommon complications – Gangrene of tips of
fingers and toes, possibly abortion or prematurity if infection
occurs during pregnancy.
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 9

10. MANAGEMENT
• Frequent fluid intake.
• Paracetamol for fever.
• Irrigation of eyes with boric lotion.
• Cough linctus to suppress the dry cough.
• Antibiotics such as amoxicillin
• Vitamin A  prevents eyes complication & reduced
respiratory infection
• Antiviral  Ribavirin & Acyclovir
• Antifungal Therapy  Fluconazole
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 10

11. PREVENTION
• (a) Active immunization – Single dose of attenuated
live-virus vaccine for all children at the beginning of
second year of life  Measles vaccine
• (b) Passive immunization -- Immunoglobulin is
useful in debilitated patients in contact of measles
patients followed in 3 months by vaccine  MMR
Vaccine
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 11

12. P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 12

13. P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL 13