POST RN BScN SEMESTER II

1. Niamat ullah
Post Rn BSN
LIFE SAVING SON

2. Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbon
and carbon-based compounds
Organic Chemistry in everyday life:
Smells & tastes: fruits, chocolate, fish, mint
Medications: Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, Sedatives
Addictive substances: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol,
Narcotics
Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Adrenaline, Epinephrine
Food/Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins

3.  A part of a large molecule; composed of an atom or
group of atom that has characteristics chemical
behavior
 Family Name
 Alkane
 Alkene
 Aromatic
 Alcohol
 Ether

4.  Functional groups are attached to the
carbon backbone of organic molecules.
They determine the characteristics and
chemical reactivity of molecules.
Functional groups are far less stable than
the carbon backbone and are likely to
participate in chemical reactions. Six
common biological functional groups are
 hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl,
amino, phosphate, and methyl

5. ❍ Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon
❍ The hydrocarbon functional groups include
◦ Alkanes
◦ Alkenes
◦ Alkynes
◦ Aromatics

6. HYDROCARBONS
contain only C and H atoms
ALIPHATIC
hydrocarbons
SATURATED
hydrocarbons
contain C–C and C–H
single bonds only
(ALKANES)
UNSATURATED
hydrocarbons
contain at least 1 C–C
multiple bond
ALKENE
contains the
C=C functional group
ALKYNE
contains the
C≡C functional group
AROMATIC
Hydrocarbons must contain
a
BENZENE ring

7. GROUP
12 Carbon needs FOUR bonds
14 Nitrogen needs THREE bonds
16 Oxygen needs TWO bonds
17 Fluorine needs ONE bond

8. ❍ Alkanes are the simplest functional group
❍ An older name for alkanes is paraffin's
❍ The functional group is the C-C single bond
❍ Example
CH4 (methane) Simplest Alkane
each Carbon (ethane)
has TETRAHEDRAL
geometry
CH3—CH3

9. methane
ethane
propane
butane
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3 -CH2 -CH3
pentane CH3 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH3
CH3 -CH2-CH2 -CH3 or
CH3 -(CH2)2-CH3
hexane CH3 -CH2-CH2- CH2 -CH2 -CH3
bond-line structures
(molecular graphs)

10. ❍ If a hydrogen is removed from an alkane, it leaves an
“alkyl group”
❍ Alkyl groups are “stick-on” groups that can be attached
to larger molecules
❍ Alkyl groups are named by replacing “-ane” on the
alkane name with “-yl”
R
ethyl
n-propyl generic carbon group
methyl
n-propyl isopropyl cyclopropyl

11. ethane
an alkane
ethyl chloridean ethyl group
an alkyl group

12. ❍ Functional Group C=C double bond
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example CH2=CH2
ethene

13. ❍ Functional Group C C triple bond
❍ Generic Formula R—C R’
R’ means that it can be a different alkyl group than R
❍ Example H —C C—H
ethyne
acetylene

14. C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
❍ Functional Group
benzene ring (C6H6)
❍ Example
toluene (methylbenzene)

15. ❍ Functional Group a halogen (Cl, Br, I)
generically, a halogen is “X”
❍ Generic Formula R-X
❍ Example CH3-I
methyl iodide

16. ❍ Functional Group OH (hydroxyl group)
❍ Generic Formula R-OH
❍ Example CH3CH2-OH
ethanol

17. ❍ Functional Group
N
N R
3
R
1
R
2
❍ Generic Formula
❍Example
CH3NH2
methylamine

18. ❍ A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen is a carbonyl group
❍ The carbonyl functional groups include
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amides
C
O

19. ❍ Functional Group
carbonyl
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
propanone
acetone
C CH3CH3
O
C R'R
O
C
O

20. C H
O
C HR
O
CH3 C H
O
❍ Functional Group
terminal carbonyl
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
ethanal
acetaldehyde

21. ❍ Functional Group
carboxyl
carbonyl + hydroxyl
C O H
O
C O HR
O
C O HC H
3
O
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
ethanoic acid
acetic acid

22. ❍ Functional Group oxygen bridge
❍ Generic Formula R-O-R′
❍ Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
diethyl ether
“ether”

23. C NR
1
R
2
R
3
H
2
N C H
2
C
O
N C H
2
C
O
O H
H
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
a small protein
O

25.  www.wikipedia.com
 Organic chemistry and Experimental Organic
Chemistry lab , Freeman
 Own teaching experience