2. In this chapter, you will
learn to solve these
economic puzzles:
IsWhat isan who has given
a worker economy
Can the difference
produce more output
between a recession
up searching for work
counted its unemployed?
and a as potential?
than depression?
2
3. What is a
Business Cycle?
Alternating periods of
economic growth and
contraction, which can
be measured by
changes in real GDP
3
4. What are the four phases
of a Business Cycle?
• Peak
• Recession
• Trough
• Recovery
4
5. What is a Peak?
The phase of the business
cycle during which real
GDP reaches its
maximum after rising
during a recovery
5
6. What is a Recession?
A downturn in the
business cycle during
which real GDP declines
6
7. What is a Trough?
The phase of the business
cycle in which real GDP
reaches its minimum after
falling during a recession
7
8. What is a Recovery?
An upturn in the
business cycle during
which real GDP rises
8
10. How long before a
downturn is a Recession?
The Department of Commerce
usually considers a recession
to be at least two consecutive
quarters in which there is a
decline in GDP
10
11. When is a downturn
considered a Depression?
The term depression is
primarily an historical
reference to the extreme
deep and long recession
of the early 1930’s
11
12. What is
Economic Growth?
An expansion in national
output measured by the
annual percentage increase
in a nation’s real GDP
12
13. Why is Economic Growth
one of our nation’s
economic goals?
It increases our standard
of living - it creates a
bigger “economic pie”
13
14. What are the three types
of Economic Indicators?
• Leading
• Coincident
• Lagging
14
15. What is a
Leading Indicator?
Variables that change
before real GDP changes
15
16. Leading Indicators
•Changes in business and consumer credit
•New orders for plant and equipment
•New consumer goods orders
•Unemployment claims
•Delayed deliveries •Material prices
•New business formed •Stock prices
•Average workweek •Money supply
•New building permits
•Changes in inventories
16
17. What is a
Coincident Indicator?
Variables that change
at the same time that
real GDP changes
17
19. What is a
Lagging Indicator?
Variables that change
after real GDP changes
19
20. Lagging Indicators
•Unemployment rate
•Duration of unemployment rate
•Labor cost per unit of output
•Inventories to sales ratio
•Outstanding commercial loans
•Commercial credit to personal income ratio
•Prime interest rate
20
21. What causes
Unemployment?
When total spending falls,
businesses will find it
profitable to produce a
lower volume of goods and
avoid unsold inventory
21
22. Who is considered
Unemployed?
Anyone who is 16
years of age and
above who is actively
seeking employment
22
23. Who is considered
Employed?
Anyone who works at least
one hour a week for pay
or at least 15 hours per
week as an unpaid worker
in a family business
23
24. What is the
Unemployment Rate?
The percentage of people
in the labor force who are
without jobs and are
actively seeking jobs
24
25. Unemployment unemployed
rate = X 100
civilian labor force
25
26. How is the Unemployment
Rate calculated?
56,000 households are
surveyed each month
26
27. What is the
Civilian Labor Force?
People 16 years or older who
are either employed or
unemployed, excluding
members of the armed forces
and people in institutions
27
28. Total Population
age 16 and over
Civilian labor force
Not in Labor Force
Employed
Armed forces
Employees
Household workers
Self-employed
Students
Retirees Unemployed
Persons with disabilities New entrants
Institutionalized Re-entrants
Discourage workers Lost last job
Quit last job
Laid off
28
29. Who is a
Discouraged Worker?
A person who wants to
work, but who has given
up searching for work.
He or she believes there
will be no job offers
29
30. What is
Underemployment?
People working at jobs
below their level of skills
30
31. What are criticisms of the
Unemployment Rate?
• Does not include
discouraged workers
• Includes part-time workers
• Does not measure
underemployment
31
33. 12.4%
11.7%
8.3%
6.3%
6.3%
4.5%
4.3%
Japan U.S. Germany U.K. Canada France Italy
33
34. What are the types of
Unemployment?
• Seasonal
• Frictional
• Structural
• Cyclical
34
35. What is Seasonal
Unemployment?
Unemployment caused by
recurring changes in
hiring due to changes in
weather conditions
35
36. What is Frictional
Unemployment?
Unemployment caused by
the normal search time
required by workers with
marketable skills who are
changing jobs, entering, or
re-entering the labor force
36
37. What is Structural
Unemployment?
Unemployment caused by
a mismatch of the skills
of workers out of work
and the skills required for
existing job opportunities
37
38. What is Cyclical
Unemployment?
Unemployment caused
by the lack of jobs
during a recession
38
39. What is
Full Employment?
The situation in which an
economy operates at an
unemployment rate equal
to the sum of the seasonal,
frictional, and structural
unemployment rates
39
40. What percent
unemployment is considered
Full Employment?
The natural rate of
unemployment changes
over time, but today it is
considered to be about 5%
40
41. What is the GDP Gap?
The GDP gap is the
difference between full-
employment real GDP
and actual real GDP
41
42. What is the Cost of
Unemployment?
The GDP gap
42
43. Civilian Unemployment Rates 1998
Demographic Groups
Overall 4.5%
Male 4.4%
Female 4.6%
White 3.9%
Black 8.9%
Teenagers (16 - 19 years) 14.6%
White males 14.1%
Black males 30.1%
White females 10.9%
Black females 25.3%
Less than high school 7.1%
High school graduates 4.0%
College graduates 1.8%
43
45. Key Concepts
• What is a Business Cycle?
• What are the phases of a Business Cycle?
• How long before a downturn is a Recession?
• What are the types of Economic Indicators?
• What causes Unemployment?
• Who is considered Unemployed?
• Who is considered Employed?
• What is the Unemployment Rate?
45
46. Key Concepts cont.
• What is the Civilian Labor Force?
• Who is a Discouraged Worker?
• What is Underemployment?
• What are the types of Unemployment?
• What is Full Employment?
• What percent unemployment is considered Fu
• What is the Cost of Unemployment?
46
48. Business cycles are recurrent
rises and falls in real GDP over a
period of years. Business cycles
vary greatly in duration and
intensity. A cycle consists of four
phases: peak, recession, trough and
recovery.
48
49. The generally accepted theory
today is that changes in the forces of
demand and supply cause business
cycles.
49
50. A recession is officially defined
as at least two consecutive quarters
of real GDP decline. A trough is the
turning point in national output
between recession and recovery.
During a recovery, there is an
upturn in the business cycle during
which real GDP rises.
50
51. Hypothetical Business Cycle Peak
Real GDP
per year
th
o w lin e
Gr d
Peak tr en
Trough
Recession Recovery
51
52. Economic growth is measured
by the annual percentage change I
real GDP in a nation. The long-term
annual average growth rate in the
United States is 3 percent.
52
53. Leading, coincident, and
lagging indicators are economic
variables that change before, at the
same time as, and after changes in
real GDP, respectively.
53
54. The unemployment rate is the
ratio of the number of unemployed
to the number in the labor force
multiplied by 100. The nation’s
labor force consists of people who
are employed plus those who are out
of work, but seeking employment.
54
55. Discouraged workers are a
reason critics say the unemployment
rate is understated. Discouraged
workers are persons who want to
work , but who have given up.
Another criticism of the
unemployment rate is that it
overstates unemployment because
respondents can falsely report they
are seeking a job.
55
57. Frictional unemployment
results when workers are seeking
new jobs that exist. The problem is
that imperfect information prevents
matching the applicants with
available jobs.
57
60. Full employment occurs when
the unemployment rate is equal to
the total of the seasonal, frictional,
and structural unemployment rates.
Currently, the full-employment rate
of unemployment in the United
States is considered to be close to 5
percent. At this rate of
unemployment, the economy is
producing at its maximum potential.
60
61. The GDP gap is the difference
between full employment, or
potential real GDP, and actual real
GDP. Therefore, the GDP gap
measures the loss of output due to
cyclical unemployment.
61
63. 1. The phases of a business cycle are
a. upswing and downswing.
b. full employment and unemployment.
c. peak, recession, trough, and recovery.
d. full employment, depression, expansion,
and plateau.
C. These are the four phases of changes
in real GDP which mirrors changes in
employment and other key measures of
the macro economy.
63
64. 2. The phase of a business cycle during which real
GDP reaches its minimum level is the
a. recession.
b. depression.
c. recovery.
d. trough.
D. Recession is the phase during which real
GDP fall and recovery is the phase during
which real GDP rises. Depression is an
historical reference to the deep and long
recession of the early 1930’s.
64
65. 3. Which of the following is not a variable in
the index of leading indicators?
a. New consumer goods orders.
b. Delayed deliveries.
c. New businesses formed.
d. Prime rate.
D. The prime rate is a lagging indicator.
65
66. 4. Which of the following is a coincident
indicator?
a. Personal income.
b. Industrial production.
c. Manufacturing and trade sales.
d. All of the above.
D. All of these will change at the same
time that real GDP changes.
66
67. 5. The labor force consists of all persons
a. 21 years of age and older.
b. 21 years of age and older who are working.
c. 16 years of age and older.
d. 16 years of age and older who are working
or actively seeking work.
D. The labor force also includes the
armed forces, but excludes the category
called “persons not in labor force.”
67
68. 6. People who are not working will be counted as
employed if they are
a. on vacation.
b. absent from their job because of bad
weather.
c. absent from their job because of a labor
dispute.
d. all of the above.
D. A person who works at least 1 hour per
week for pay or at least 15 hours per week
as an unpaid worker in a family business is
counted as employed regardless of the
special situations listed in a, b, and c.
68
69. 7. The number of people officially unemployed is
not the same as the number of people who can’t
find a job because
a. people who have jobs continue to look for
better ones.
b. the armed forces are included.
c. discouraged workers are not counted.
d. of all of the above.
C. A person can quit looking for a job because
he is discouraged after trying to find one, but
wants to work if he could find a job, yet this
person is not considered unemployed because
he is not actively seeking employment.
69
70. 8. Frictional unemployment applies to
a. workers with skills not required for existing
jobs.
b. short periods of unemployment needed to
match jobs and job seekers.
c. people who spend long periods of time out of
work.
d. unemployment related to the ups and downs
of the business cycle.
B. Frictional unemployment includes people
changing jobs, initially entering the labor
force, or re-entering the labor force.
70
71. 9. Structural unemployment is caused by
a. shifts in the economy that make certain job
skills obsolete.
b. temporary layoffs in industries such as
construction.
c. the impact of the business cycle on job
opportunities.
d. short-term changes in the economy.
A. Structural unemployment is long-term
unemployment because the skills of
unemployed workers do not match the
skills required for existing jobs.
71
72. 10. Unemployment that is due to a recession
is
a. involuntary unemployment.
b. frictional unemployment.
c. structural unemployment.
d. cyclical unemployment.
D. Only cyclical unemployment is
attributable directly to the business cycle.
72
73. 11. Seasonal, frictional and structural
unemployment is equal to
a. frictional unemployment.
b. structural unemployment.
c. cyclical unemployment.
d. full employment.
D. Full employment does not mean zero
unemployment. Even in the best times,
there is always seasonal, frictional, and
structural unemployment.
73
74. 12. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The four phases of the business cycle, in
order, are peak, recovery, trough, and
recession.
b. When unemployment is rising, then real
GDP is rising.
c. The economic problem typically associated
with a recovery is rising unemployment.
d. Full employment exists in an economy when
the unemployment rate equals the sum of
seasonal, frictional, and structural
unemployment rates.
D. There will always be some people
looking for work.
74
75. 13. Which of the following groups typically has
the highest unemployment rate?
a. White men and women.
b. African-American men and women as a
group.
c. Teenagers.
d. Persons who completed high school.
B. In 1998 the unemployment rate of black
males was 30.1% and black males was 25.3%.
75
76. Civilian Unemployment Rates 1998
Demographic Groups
Overall 4.5%
Male 4.4%
Female 4.6%
White 3.9%
Black 8.9%
Teenagers (16 - 19 years) 14.6%
White males 14.1%
Black males 30.1%
White females 10.9%
Black females 25.3%
Less than high school 7.1%
High school graduates 4.0%
College graduates 1.8%
76
77. 14. Which of the following is true?
a. The GDP gap is the difference between full
employment real GDP and actual real GDP.
b. We desire economic growth because it
increases the nation’s real GDP.
c. Economic growth is measured by the annual
percentage increase in a nation’s real GDP.
d. Discouraged workers are a reason critics say
the unemployment rate is understated.
e. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
77
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