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Klimaatsverandering oor Suid-Afrika van die volgende paar dekades tot die volgende eeu
1. Klimaatsverandering oor Suid-Afrika – van die
volgende paar dekades tot die einde van die
eeu
Francois Engelbrecht1 and Christien Engelbrecht2
1. WNNR Natuurlike Hulpbronne en die Omgewing
2. Landbou Navorsingsraad – Instituut vir Grond, Klimaat en Water
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8. Summer-season rainfall
anomalies over the Free
State and North West
provinces (x-axis) and
Niño 3.4 sea-surface
temperature anomalies
(y-axis) for 1901-2015.
Rainfall anomalies from
CRU and GCPC are for
DJF. SST anomalies
from AMIPII are for
OND.
All anomalies were
calculated with respect
to the 1971-2000
baseline period.
CSIR-ACCESS
2015/16 1997/98
2016/17
10. The 2015/16 El Niño (image from NOAA):
One of the strongest events ever recorded. Strong El Niño’s are
projected to double in frequency towards the end of 21st century under
low mitigation
11. In September 2016, the
entire summer rainfall
region was in a state of
mild drought, or worse.
The Free State, northern
KwaZulu-Natal and
eastern Mpumalanga
was in a state of severe
drought.
How will climate change
impact on the attributes
of drought in the mega-
dam region of SA?
Drought in southern Africa
A dust storm rolls over the plains of
the Free State in December 2015.
12. Drought in southern Africa
Depleted grazing in Kruger Park in
September 2016.
By September 2016,
The entire summer
rainfall region of
South Africa was in
a state of mild
drought, or worse.
The Free State,
northern KwaZulu-
Natal and eastern
Mpumalanga was in
a state of severe
drought .
13. 2015 warmest year ever recorded globally (+ 1 ºC); summer of 2015/16
the warmest ever recorded over southern Africa (+ 2 ºC)
2015/16 anomalies relative to 2006/7 to 2014/15 climate; ARC station data;
Engelbrecht C et al. (2017) in preparation
17. • Computer clusters available to the
project include the CHPC in South
Africa (24 000 + CPUs – VRESM
allocation is currently ~ 3 000 000 core
hours per quarter);
• The VRESM design has achieved
some comparable resolution and
computing times with less than 10% of
the cores required by some more
traditional coupling approaches.
• CSIR NRE data servers and CHPC
VRESM allocated space currently
amounts to 600 TB
HPC and code-
scalability
CCAM-TOM (CSIRO) scaling with 35
atmosphere levels and 30 ocean
levels, suggesting excellent
simulation speed for computing
resources
0.1
1
10
100
100 1000 10000
Simulationyearsperday
Number of cores
CCAM scaling 35L 30OC192 (50 km) C384 (26 km) C768 (13 km)
18. From CSIRO: Martin Dix
Projected temp anomalies for 2081-
2100 relative to pre-industrial
conditions (0-degree world)
AR5 WG1 estimations relative to
1986-2005 were adjusted with a 0.6
°C factor
Only RCP 2.6 can safely keep us well
below the Cancun agreed 2 °C (Long
Term Global Goal), whilst the world is
currently between A2 and RCP 8.5
Emission Scenarios and Representative Concentration
Pathways
Scenario Temp anomalies relative to pre-
industrial (adapted from AR5)
RCP 2.6 0.9 to 2.3
RCP 4.5 1.7 to 3.2
RCP 6 2.0 to 3.7
RCP 8.5 3.2 to 5.4
2.6
26. Climate Change and
the seasonal cycle
• Regional climate models realistically represent
the present-day seasonal cycle in rainfall and
circulation across the African continent
(Engelbrecht et al., 2009)
• Model projections of future climate change are
generally not indicative of significant changes
in the seasonal cycle of rainfall and
temperature over Africa, however, significant
changes are projected in the amplitude of
seasonal extrema
• The most interesting changes are to be found
on the application side, e.g. a changing
seasonal cycle in energy demand and wild
fires (e.g. Engelbrecht et al., 2015; ERL 10:
085004)
• Figure shows the present-day (black) and end-
of-the-century range of projected changes in
the seasonal cycle of the Keetch-Byran
drought index over southern and tropical Africa
(Engelbrecht et al., 2015; ERL 10: 085004)