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Advanced Syntax, Dr. Razieh Shojaei
By Negar Nayeri, MSc Student of Computational Linguistics
Fall 1398
‫ﺷﻮ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫روﯾﺪاد‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫از‬‫د‬.
1. Aspect
‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬‫دﺳﺘﻮري‬1‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬‫ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬2،‫اي‬‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬‫دﺳﺘﻮري‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ي‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬‫اﺷﺎري‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮون‬
‫زﻣﺎن‬‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﮐﻤﮏ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻮاژي‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﯽ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫وﻗﺘﯽ‬‫از‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬‫و‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫و‬‫اﻗﺴﺎم‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬)،‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬،‫ﻧﻘﻠﯽ‬‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬‫و‬...(‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫در‬‫واﻗﻊ‬tense‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺪ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫دارم‬،‫روم‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫داﺷﺘﻢ‬،‫رﻓﺘﻢ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫رﻓﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻮدم‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬‫واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ‬4‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬‫دروﻧﯽ‬5،‫اي‬‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ي‬‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ‬‫اﺷﺎري‬‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ‬‫درون‬
‫اﻧﺠﺎم‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫در‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫زﻣﺎن‬‫را‬‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫و‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫رﻣﺰﮔﺬاري‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫از‬‫آﻧﺠﺎ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﻤﮏ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﻘﺶ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﮐﺎﺳﺘﯽ‬‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي‬،‫داﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن‬‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬‫از‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬‫واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‬.1. Grammatical Aspect
2. Outer Aspect
3. Tense
4. Lexical Aspect
5. Inner Aspect
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬،‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫را‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫و‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫رﻣﺰﮔﺬاري‬‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﮔﺮوه‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﺑﺎﻻي‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫ﻗﺮار‬
،‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘ‬‫ﻨﺪ؛‬
‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﮔﺮوه‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرت‬‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﻨﺪ‬.
‫دﯾﺮش‬:‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬‫آن‬‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬‫ﺧﻮد‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫را‬‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؛‬‫ﻧﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬‫آن‬‫را‬.
‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬)‫ﺗﺪاوﻣﯽ‬(‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردن‬‫دوﯾﺪن‬
‫آﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي‬)‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‬/‫ﻏﺎﯾﺘﻤﻨﺪي‬:(‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬ ‫ي‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫روﯾﺪاد‬ ‫آﯾﺎ‬1‫ﺧﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫دارد‬.
‫ﮐﺮاﻧﻤﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﮔﻔﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮐﺮاﻧﻤﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬
‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬:
‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬
1. Culmination Point / Endpoint
‫ﮐﺮﻧﺰ‬1‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺳﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮوه‬‫زﯾﺮ‬‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬:
‫از‬‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬telicity‫و‬boundness:‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬bound‫ﯾﺎ‬telic‫ﮐﻪ‬‫داراي‬‫ي‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬‫در‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬unbound‫ﯾﺎ‬atelic)‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮﻧﻬﺎد‬‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬‫ﮐﺮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي‬‫در‬‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬(
‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫آﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬:‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬،‫آﻧﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫ﺗﮑﺮار‬‫ﺷﺪن‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫از‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫رو‬‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﻫﻢ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﺑﺮوﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﭼﺸﻤﮏ‬،‫زدن‬‫در‬،‫زدن‬‫ﺳﺮﻓﻪ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬←‫دارم‬‫ﭼﺸﻤﮏ‬‫زﻧﻢ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫ﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫دﺳﺘﺨﻮش‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬‫اﮔﺮ‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫را‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫زﯾﺮروﯾﺪادﻫ‬‫ﺎي‬
‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ‬‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬،‫ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ‬‫در‬‫زﯾﺮروﯾﺪادﻫﺎ‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ‬‫داﺷﺖ‬.‫در‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺮار‬
‫دارﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:‫ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ‬.
‫آزﻣﻮن‬:ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬‫رود‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫آﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﻧﺮوﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:*‫دارم‬‫داﻧﻢ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬
1. Kearns
‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬1:‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬‫ي‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫و‬‫از‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫رو‬unbound‫و‬atelic‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:‫او‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﯾﭻ‬‫دارد‬.
‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎﻫﺎ‬‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.‫ﭼﺮا‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ي‬‫ﺑﺎزه‬‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫اﺗﻔﺎق‬‫اﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫و‬‫در‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫آن‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬.
‫ﮐﻨﺸﯽ‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﯽ‬2/‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪي‬3:‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬،‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬unbound،‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬‫و‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬.‫از‬‫آﻧﺠﺎ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﮔﺮ‬‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬)agent(‫ﻣﻔﺮوض‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:‫ﻫﻞ‬‫دادن‬
‫اﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ‬4:‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫دﺳﺘﺎورد‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:
‫ﻇﺮف‬‫ﺷﺴﺘﻦ‬.‫در‬‫اﯾﻨﺠﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﯿﺰ‬‫ﺷﺪن‬‫ﺗﻤﺎم‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻇﺮف‬،‫ﮐﺜﯿﻒ‬‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫روﯾ‬‫ﺪاد‬
‫اﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫دﺳﺘﺎوردي‬5:‫روﯾﺪادي‬‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬‫و‬‫در‬‫ﻋﯿﻦ‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫آﻧﯽ‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬:‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫ﮐﻨﺸﯽ‬‫و‬،‫دﺳﺘﺎوردي‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬6‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﻮد؛‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﮐﻨﺎر‬‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬‫ﻗﺮ‬‫ار‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬.
performance: accomplishment + achievement
‫زﻧﺸﯽ‬7:‫اﯾﻦ‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬،‫دﺳﺘﺎوردي‬‫ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬‫و‬‫آﻧﯽ‬‫اﺳﺖ؛‬‫اﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺧﻼف‬‫آن‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﺠﺎﻣﺪ‬.
‫از‬ ‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪي‬‫دﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫اﺳﻤﯿﺖ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻻت‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬:
1. State 3. Process 5. Achievement 7. Semelfacive
2. Activity 4. Accomplishment 6. Performance
1.‫در‬،‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬.
*The towel is being wet.
*John is knowing the answer.
2.‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫دﯾﺮﺷﯽ‬)‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬ِ‫ت‬‫ﻣﺪ‬3‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬/for3
hours(‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﺑﺮوﻧﺪ؛‬‫در‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫اي‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ِ‫ف‬‫ﻇﺮ‬3‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬/in 3 hours(
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬.
3.ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫اي‬‫ﻧﻤﻮدي‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬continue،stop،start،finish،
complete‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﺑﺮد‬.
1.‫در‬‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬‫ﮐﻨﺸﯽ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﺑﺮد‬.
2.hours3for+،hours3in-،+‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ‬
3.‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬continue،stop،start‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫اﻣﺎ‬ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬finish‫و‬complete
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬.
1.‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬.
2.hours3for-،hours3in+،+‫ﺑﮫ‬‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺪﻫﺎي‬ِ‫ﯽ‬‫زﻣﺎﻧ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎز‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬:
On Tuesday, last week, in December
3.‫ﺗ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﻮان‬‫آن‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫را‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬continue،stop،start‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﺑﺮد‬‫اﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬finish‫و‬complete‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎر‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻤﯽ‬‫روﻧﺪ‬.
4.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﻣﻀﺎرع‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬،‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬‫را‬‫ﻧﯿﺰ‬‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬.
John is building the house entails John has not built the house.
1.‫در‬‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬‫ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
John is dying.
The light is turning green.
*John is noticing the mistake.
2.- for three seconds, - in three seconds
)‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﻘﺾ‬‫زﯾﺮ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬!
‫ﻗﺎﺿﯽ‬)‫ﺑﻪ‬ِ‫ت‬‫ﻣﺪ‬/‫در‬ِ‫ض‬‫ﻋﺮ‬(‫دو‬‫ﺳﺎل‬‫ﻣﺘﻬﻢ‬‫را‬‫زﻧﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﮐﺮد‬)‫زﻧﺪاﻧﯽ‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪن‬‫ﻣﺘﻬﻢ‬/‫ﺻﺎدر‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫ﺣﮑﻢ‬‫زﻧﺪان‬(.
‫او‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪت‬/‫در‬‫ﻋﺮض‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ‬‫را‬‫ﺗﺮك‬‫ﮐﺮد‬.
‫او‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪت‬/‫در‬‫ﻋﺮض‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻣﺎه‬‫اﻓﺴﺮده‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻫﺮ‬‫دو‬‫ﻗﯿﺪ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬.‫دﻟﯿﻞ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﻣﺮ‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻫﺮ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫از‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬،‫آﻧﯽ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫دو‬ِ‫ت‬‫ﺻﻮر‬
become state‫و‬result state‫ﻧﮕﺎه‬‫ﮐﺮد‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﯽ‬‫در‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨﯿﻢ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﺗﻮان‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫روﯾﺪاد‬،‫دﺳﺘﺎوردي‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫دروﻧﯽ‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.(
3.‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫اي‬‫ﻧﻤﻮدي‬‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬continue،stop،start،finish،complete‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺎر‬‫روﻧﺪ‬‫ﻧﻤﯽ‬.
1.‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫اي‬‫درﺟﻪ‬1:‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫دارد‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫زﺑﺎن‬‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ِ‫ﮏ‬ُ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺳ‬»‫ﺷﺪن‬«،‫اﻧﺪ‬‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺰوﻣ‬telic‫و‬‫داراي‬
‫ي‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫اي‬‫درﺟﻪ‬)‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬‫ﺳﺮد‬/‫ﮔﺮم‬،‫ﺷﺪن‬‫ﺧﺸﮏ‬‫ﺷﺪن‬(‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻧﻘﻀﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬.
‫آب‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﺪت‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺳﺮد‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
‫از‬،‫ﻃﺮﻓﯽ‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‬‫ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ‬‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬‫ﻣﯽ‬‫ﺑﺮاي‬‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬‫ي‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‬‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬‫و‬‫از‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫آن‬‫را‬telic‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﻮپ‬‫در‬‫ﻋﺮض‬‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺳﺮد‬‫ﺷﺪ‬.
2.‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎي‬‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ‬2:‫ﺟﺰء‬‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬‫در‬‫اﯾﻦ‬‫روﯾﺪادﻫﺎ‬‫در‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬‫دﺳﺘﺨﻮش‬‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻣﯽ‬)‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردن‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ‬(.‫در‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻫﺎي‬،‫زﯾﺮ‬‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬‫ﺷﻤﺎرش‬‫ﺑﻮدن‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﻧﺒﻮدن‬‫اﺳﻤﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬‫ﻗﺮار‬،‫دارد‬‫اﻧﺪاز‬‫ي‬‫ه‬‫آن‬‫و‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬‫در‬telic
‫ﺑﻮدن‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﻧﺒﻮدن‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ‬‫ﭘﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺧﻮرد‬.
‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ‬‫ﺳﻮپ‬‫ﺧﻮرد‬.
‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ‬‫ﺳﻮپ‬‫را‬‫ﺧﻮرد‬.
1. Gradable
2. Incremental

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Lexical (Inner) Aspect in Syntax - نمود واژگانی (درونی) در نحو