The Human Skull Anatomy. Skull Injuries. Skull X Ray, Indications, Basic Projections. Pathological Findings on Skull X-ray. Reading Skull radiographs. radiation Protection in Skull radiography

1. RADIOLOGY TRAINING RESOURCE FOR MEDICAL
IMAGING TECHNOLOGISTS/SONOGRAPHERS,
NURSES, MIDWIVES AND RELATED MEDICS
Module 11: Radiography of Skull and
Pathologies
Course lecturer
Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiologic Technologist/Sonographer
CSMRR: 001012016
+237 671459765
B.TECH/HPD in MDIRT
(St. LOUIS UNIHEBS, Univ Buea)
excellence660@gmail.com
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5. Presentation outline
 Overview of skull Radiography
 Basic Radiographic projections in skull
Radiography
 Abnormal skull X-Ray Findings
 Radiation Protection and Safety in skull
radiography
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6. Outcome
 At the end of this presentation, students
would have:
Learned about skull radiography, basic
definitions of radiographic views
Be able to recognize abnormal
radiographic findings and correlate with
clinical presentations
Radiation protection
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7. Requirements of this module:
All Students are Urged to review their anatomy and
physiology lectures on:
• the Musculoskeletal System
• And Pathological conditions
associated with this body
system
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8. Remark:
Requirements of this module:
All Students are Urged to review their anatomy and
physiology lectures on:
• the Musculoskeletal System
• And Pathological conditions
associated with this body
system
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9. Skull Gross Anatomy
 Remark
THE AXIAL SKELETON
 Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs
and sternum.
 All these bones constitute the central bony
core; the axis.
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11. AXIAL SKELETON
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12. The Skull
 Consists of the cranium and the bones of
the face
– The cranium forms the cranial cavity
– Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to
the respiratory and digestive tracts
 Superficial landmarks include the sutures
– Lambdoid
– Coronal
– Sagittal
– Squamous
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13. Skull Bones
 1 frontal bone
 2 Parietal bones
 2 Temporal bones
 1 Occipital bone
 1 Sphenoid bone
 1 Ethmoid bone
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14.  Frontal bone: Bone of the forehead. Forms part of the
orbital cavities and ridges above the eyes. The coronal
suture joins the frontal and parietal bones.
 Parietal bones: Form the sides and roof of the skull. They
articulate at the sagittal suture with each other, with frontal
and occipital bones at coronal and lambdoidal sutures
respectively.
 Temporal bones: Lie on each side of the head and form
fibrous immoveable joints with parietal, occipital, sphenoid
and zygomatic bones.
 Occipital bone: Forms the back of the head and part of the
base of the skull. Form fibrous joints with parietal,
temporal, and sphenoid bones.
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15. The Human Skull Protects the Brain
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26. Skull Planes
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27. Skull Radiographic anatomy
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29. The Skull Radiograph
 X-Ray of the Human Skull can be done to:
1. 1.Assess Skull fractures post traumatic
incidents
2. 2. Assess the sinuses for polyps and
inflammations
3. Assess Bone lesions
4. Dislocation of the Skull bones
5. 5. Severe headache
6. 6. Suspected sinusitis
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30. Common skull pathologies
Sinusitis
Tumors
Fractures
Sinus polyps
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31. Common radiographic views
are
 Water’s projection(blondeau)
 Schuler's projection
 AP views
 PA views
 Lateral views
 Submentovertex view
 Town’s Projection etc
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most frequently done

32. Reading the Skull radiograph
This MUST ALWAYS BE DONE
BASED ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC
VIEW As Per The Indication Of The
EXAM and labelling of the
Radiography
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33. Isocentric Technique For AP SKULL
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Left Lateral View of the Skull with Labelled Anatomy

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Posterior Anterior (PA) View of the Skull with Labelled Anatomy

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1. OUTER CORTICAL LAYER
2. INNER CORTICAL LAYER
3. DIPLOE
4. FRONTAL SINUS
5. ORBITAL PLATES
6. ANTERIOR CLINOID
PROCESS
7. PITUITARY FOSSA
8. POSTERIOR CLINOID
PROCESS
9. SPHENOID SINUS
10. PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE
11. LAMDOID SURTURE
12. EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL
PROTRUBERANCE
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47. Fractures
 This is a break in the continuity of the bone
 Different types exist and have different
causes
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48. Coronal CTs
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49. X-ray (waters view)
 Image shows
depressed fragment of
the left orbital floor
(arrow) and an air-
fluid level in the left
maxillary sinus
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50. CLOSED FRACTURE
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51. OPEN FRACTURE-COMPOUND
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52. Lt. Skull Lateral X-Ray
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53. Radiation Protection During Skull radiography
 All Skull X-Ray requests must be justified
 No patient should be mistaken for the Other
during the radiographic Process
 Radiation exposure should be done as per
the age and gender of the patient and body
mass
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54. RaP protection Con’t
 Requests for Skull X-rays should be
properly done
 Skull radiographs like others, should be
labelled with markers
 In case of any assistance to the patient, the
caregivers should be protected from
unnecessary radiation exposure
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55. References
Nchanji nkeh Keneth(2017). Skeletal
Radiographic Anatomy. Training
Course in Medical Diagnostic
Imaging. St Louis University,
Bamenda. MDI200.
www.slideshare.com
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57. https://rpop.iaea.org/SAFRON/
https://rpop.iaea.org/safrad/
https://nucleus.iaea.org/isemir/
http://nucleus.iaea.org/HHW/MedicalPhysics/index.html
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58. ANY QUESTIONS ?
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