1. SRN 300 OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL IMAGING Nchanji Nkeh Keneth.pdf

Overview of Medical Imaging Techniques
(RADIOLOGY)
Course Lecturer
Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Author/Rad Tech/Sonographer
B.TECH/HPD in MDIRT
Tel: +237671459765
kensacademia@gmail.com
CSMRR No. 001012016
Medical
Imaging
Training
Resource
For
Nurses
and
Related
Paramedics,
©
Nchanji
N.
Keneth
1
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOLOGY
Training Resource for Paramedics
Academic Year: 2023/2024
Course Title: Medical Imaging Techniques

Presentation outline
 Brief history of Medical Imaging
 Basic Terminologies in Medical Imaging
 Medical Imaging Modalities
 Understanding Ionising radiations
 Medical Uses of Ionising and Non-ionising
Radiations
 Ionising Radiation Effects
 Radiation Protection and Safety
2
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses and Related Paramedics, ©
Nchanji N. Keneth

OUTCOME
 At the end of this presentation, students
would have:
Learned about the historical evolution of
Medical Imaging, Radiations, Medical
Applications of Radiation, effects of
Ionising radiations and Radiation Safety
You will be able to define the basic
concepts of Radiology
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses and
Related Paramedics, © Nchanji N. Keneth
3

Brief history of Medical
Imaging
Medical Imaging Training Resource
For Nurses and Related Paramedics,
© Nchanji N. Keneth
4

THE YEARS 1870-80s
 Research involving Electricity was the most
fascinating to scientists
 They experimented with a device called
Crooke Tube
 It was a cathode ray tube that caused
fluorescence (Light Production)
 This same tube produced X-Rays, but No
one noticed then…
5

November 8, 1895
 Sir Wilhem Conrad Roentgen, enclosed the
Crooke Tube with Photographic Plates, while
Working in his Lab in Germany
 The goal of covering the Tube in the Dark Room
was such that, no light will escape
 Across the room, he noticed that a plate coated
with Barium Platinocyanide (Fluorescent
Material), began to glow
 He Placed several materials, including his wife’s
hand and got an image, marking the discovery of
X-rays
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses and Related Paramedics,
6

Introduction
Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging:
 Medical Imaging Science dates as far back as
1895, when Sir Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a
German Physicist, discovered X-Rays in his
laboratory Cathode Ray Tube experiments. He is
known as the Father of Radiology
 Since his delivery till date, tremendous
advancements have been happening in this
innovative field of Radiology.
7

8

9

10

11

Evolution of X-Ray Technology
 Developments began, with this new found
radiation and imaging of the body
 HC Crook developed an AC generator, and
William Coolidge developed the first X-ray Tube
 1898 saw Thomas Edison, experimenting with
many fluorescent materials
 Edison invented the First Fluoroscope and later on
abandoned his research when his assistant and
friend Clarance Dally got burnt on his arms due to
the crude X-Rays he used…
12

Advancements in Radiology
 From 1895, Radiology has been witnessing
significant advancements: from the Discovery
of X-Rays in the late 1800s, to
Ultrasonography in the 1950s, the introduction
of CT Scan Technology in the 1970s and MRI
technology in the 1980s to say the least, are
trends in Radiology Advancements
 Changes in this field have enhanced medical
diagnostic accuracy
13

MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES
 Also known as RADIOLOGY; is the specialized
Field of Medical Science concerned with the use
of Radiations in obtaining images of the human
body for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes.
 Medical Imaging Technology is an innovative field
in medicine;
 Radiology is Indispensable for Effective Medical
Practice Today
 The technological advancements in MIT greatly
enhance modern medical practice
14

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN
MEDICAL IMAGING
TECHNIQUES
-Essential Concepts
15

Commonly Used Terms in Radiology
 X-Rays: These are High Energy
Electromagnetic Radiations produced from
radiographic Equipments
 Radiations: Energy Moving in the form of Rays
 Radiation Biology: The science that studies the
effects of radiation
 Radiation protection: Measures taken to
mitigate the effects of Ionizing radiations
16

Def. of Concepts Continued
 CT Scan: Computerized Tomography Scan;
which denotes the Process of obtaining
Sectional images of the body with use of X
Rays and Computers for Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Purposes
 MRI Scan: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scan
 Ultrasonography: Examination of the
Body with use of Ultrasound Waves
17

Defs. of Radiology Concepts Cont
 Radiologic Technologist: A Trained
Medical Imaging Professional, using
Radiologic Equipments for Diagnosis
 Sonographer: A specialized Medical
Imaging professional that uses Ultrasound in
Diagnosing Disorders of the body
 Radiologist: A Specialized Medical Doctor
in the Field of Radiology that Interprets
radiologic Images
18

Defs. Continued
 Mammography: Radiographic Imaging of
the Human Breasts
 Nuclear Medicine: Specialized modality of
Radiology, using radioactive materials for
Diagnosis and Therapy
 Radiotherapy: The Field in radiology
concerned with the Treatment of Diseases
(notably cancer), with use of High Energy
Ionising radiations
19

 Radiotherapist: A specialized Medical
Imaging professional that uses Ionising
Radiations to treat Diseases
 Oncologist: A specialist in the field of
Oncology (study of cancer)
 Radiology Nurse: A Professional Nurse,
that works in the radiology department;
assisting in Nursing Interventions
 Medical Imaging Modality: A technical
subfield in Medical Imaging, making use
of a particular equipment and Radiation
for Diagnosis or Therapy
20

 Radiograph: This is a 2 dimensional X-Ray
image of the human body.
 Radiographs are usually the first line of
radiologic images taken of the human body.
 Radiographs help in the assessment of
bones
 Conventional X-Ray machines produce
Radiographs.
21
Defs. of radiology Concepts Cont

MEDICAL IMAGING
MODALITIES
(This refers to the Various Machines, the Principle of operation
and the resulting images for diagnosis and therapy)
Nchanji N. Keneth
22

Classification of Radiology
1. Diagnostic Radiology
2. Therapeutic Radiology
23

Diagnostic Radiologic Modalities
 1. Conventional radiography ( Plain X-ray
Procedures)
 2. Ultrasonography
 3. Mammography
 4. Dental Panography
 5.CT Scan
 6.MRI Scan
 7.PET Scan
 8.SPECT Scan (Diagnostic Nuclear medicine)
24

Diagnostic Radiologic Modalities and
THE RADIATION Type in Each
 1. Conventional radiography ( Plain X-ray Procedures).
Radiation Type: X-Rays
 2. Ultrasonography (Rad Type: Ultrasound Waves)
 3. Mammography (Rad Type: X-Rays; Low Dose)
 4. Dental Radiography (Rad Type: X-Rays)
 5.CT Scan (rad Type: X-rays)
 6.MRI Scan (Rad Type: Radiofrequency Radiation)
 Diagnostic Nuclear Med (SPECT and PET Scans):
Radiation Type: Gamma Rays
25

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGIC MODALITIES CONTINUED
AND RADIATION TYPES
 9.Thermography (Rad Type: Infraread Radiation)
 10,Interventional Radiology( Angiography, radiologic
Imaged guided interventions etc), X-Rays as rad Type
 11.Fluoroscopy (Rad Type: X-rays)
 12.Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine (Mostly Gamma rad)
 13.Special Radiographic Exams (Barium
Enema/Transit, Galactography, Cholangiography,
IVU, Urethrogram, Hysterosalpingography, etc.):
Under fluoroscopy and uses X-rays
Others:
ECG, EEG, EMGMedical Imaging Training Resource
26

THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY
1. Radiotherapy
(With Various Machines and the
radiations they produce)
2. Therapeutic Nuclear
Medicine
27

OTHER SPECIALIZED FIELDS OF
RADIOLOGY
Related Specialized Areas of Radiology:
1. Oncology
 2.Radiation Biology (radiobiology)
 3.Radiation Protection
 4. Radiology Education
 Radiology Research and Development
(IAEA) Medical Imaging Training Resource
28

Understanding
Radiations
(Ionising and Non-Ionising)
29

 Review The definition of Radiation: Energy
transmitted in the form of rays from one point to
another
Radiation is Described as being Ionising, if it
has the power to eject one or more electrons from
the atoms or molecules in the irradiated medium.
This is the case of Alpha and beta radiations, as
well as of electromagnetic radiations such as
gamma radiations, X-rays and some ultra-violet
rays. Visible or infrared light are not, nor are
microwaves or radio
Nchanji N. Keneth
30

Radiation is also defined as
 Radiation is an energy in the form of electro-
magnetic waves or particulate matter, traveling
in the air.”
31

Source of Ionising radiation
 They are produced from unstable atoms.
Unstable atoms are radioactive and in order to
attain stability, they emit the excess energy in
the form of radiation
32

The EM Spectrum
33

Primary Types of
Ionizing Radiation
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays (or photons)
X-Rays (or photons)
Neutrons
34

Medical Uses of Ionising
and Non-ionising
Radiations
35

Medical Applications
Radiations
 Principally, Radiations are used for the
Following reasons in Medicine
 1. For Diagnosis of Body Disorders
2. For Treatment of Diseases
3. Research Purposes
36

 The production and Use of Ionizing radiations in
Medicine Needs Justification to Prevent the Effects
of Radiation exposure
 Radiation use MUST ALWAYS BE
REGULATED.
 ALL HOSPITAL STAFF AND ESPECIALLY
THOSE IN THE RADIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT BESIDES PATIENTS MUST
OBSERVE BASIC Radiation Safety Rules
37

Ionising Radiation Effects
 Exposure to Ionising Radiation has both short term
and Long term effects; all determined by the
quantity of Radiation Exposed to, the part of the
body exposed, the Radiologic Procedure done,
Sensitivity of the Patient to radiation, Health Status
of the patient, the type of Radiation used, to say the
least
38

Some Ionising radiation Effects
39

40

Cancer
Genetic effects
Skin injuries
Cataract
Infertility
Death
What can radiation do?
41
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses and Related Paramedics, © Nchanji N. Keneth

42

Ionising radiation Effects
Warrant Radiation Safety
43
Radiation Protection and
Safety

44

45

Forms of Radiation Used in Medicine
• Machine produced radiation from X ray
tubes used in medical imaging
• Linear accelerators used in cancer
therapy
• Radioactive materials used in nuclear
medicine imaging and in some cancer
therapy applications.
46

Current System of Radiological
Protection
– Three principles
 Justification
 Optimization
 Limitation
– Three categories of exposure
 Public
 Occupational
 Medical
– Three exposure situations
 Planned
 Existing
 Emergency

Why Teach Nurses
Fundamentals of Radiology?
 Nurses are at the Core of Medical Practice and
Spend Most of the Time with their Patients
 Radiology is Indispensable for effective Medical
Practice
 Nurses with Radiology Knowledge can better
care for their Patients
48

Relevance of Medical Imaging in
Nursing Practice
 Emergency Care in Medicine Requires
Medical Imaging Diagnosis. Nurse’s
Knowledge of radiology there helps in
proper patient care
 Nurses are professionals who can request
basic Radiologic exams in the absence of
the attending Physician: Therefore basic
knowledge of radiology especially on Plain
radiographic procedures like:
49

Essentials of MIT Knowledge
to Paramedics (Nurses)
 Chest x rays (CXR)
 Abdominal X-Rays
 Skeletal radiographs to say the least alongside
abnormal findings is crucial in improving on
nursing care of the sick.
 This is most applicable in rural settings
50

 A Nurse with Good Knowledge of
radiology especially Radiography and
Ultrasonography can safe the lives of many
patients through timely intervention, based
on reports from the afore mentioned
performed exams
 Nurses can take up duties as Radiology
Nurses in the Radiology Department;
therefore Radiology Training Serves as
Career Orientation for the Nurse
51

Radiology Knowledge:
 Gives the Trained Nurse an edge in their
practice, job selection and recruitment due
to added value and Competencies in their
training.
 Therefore learn as much as you can
52

https://rpop.iaea.org/SAFRON/
https://rpop.iaea.org/safrad/
https://nucleus.iaea.org/isemir/
http://nucleus.iaea.org/HHW/MedicalPhysics/index.html
Medical Imaging Training Resource For Nurses
and Related Paramedics, © Nchanji N. Keneth
53

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