Overview of Medical Imaging (radiology). Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging. Definition of Key Concepts. Division of Medical Imaging. Aspects of Radiation Protection. Medical Imaging Training and research.

1. RADIOLOGY TRAINING RESOURCE FOR MEDICAL
IMAGING TECHNOLOGISTS/SONOGRAPHERS,
NURSES, MIDWIVES AND RELATED MEDICS
Module 1: Overview of Medical Imaging
Technology (Radiology)
Course lecturer
Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiologic Technologist/Sonographer
CSMRR: 001012016
+237 671459765
B.TECH/HPD in MDIRT
(St. LOUIS UNIHEBS, Univ Buea)
excellence660@gmail.com
MedicalImagingTrainingResourceForMedicalImagTech,
Nurses,MidwivesandMedics,NchanjiNkehKeneth
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10/23/2020

2. Presentation outline
 Brief history of Medical Imaging
 Basic Terminologies in Medical Imaging
 Medical Imaging Modalities
 Understanding Ionising radiations
 Medical Uses of Ionising and Non-ionising
Radiations
 Ionising Radiation Effects
 Radiation Protection and Safety
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Medical Imaging Training Resource For Medical Imag Tech, Nurses,
Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh Keneth

3. Outcome
 At the end of this presentation, students
would have:
Learned about the historical evolution of
Medical Imaging, Radiations, Medical
Applications of Radiation, effects of
Ionising radiations and Radiation Safety
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4. Brief history of Medical
Imaging
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5. Introduction
Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging:
 Medical Imaging Science dates as far back as
1895, when Sir Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a
German Physicist, discovered X-Rays in his
laboratory Cathode Ray Tube experiments. He is
known as the Father of Radiology
 Since his delivery till date, tremendous
advancements have been happening in this
innovative field of Radiology.
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10. Medical Imaging
 Also known as RADIOLOGY; is the
specialized Field of Medical Science concerned
with the use of Radiations in obtaining images of
the human body for Diagnostic and Therapeutic
Purposes.
 Medical Imaging Technology is an innovative
field in medicine;
 Radiology is Indispensable for Effective Medical
Practice Today
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11. Advancements in Radiology
 From 1895, Radiology has been witnessing
significant advancements: from the Discovery
of X-Rays in the late 1800s, to
Ultrasonography in the 1950s, the introduction
of CT Scan Technology in the 1970s and MRI
technology in the 1980s to say the least, are
trends in Radiology Advancements
 Changes in this field have enhanced medical
diagnostic accuracy
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12. Basic Terminologies in
Medical Imaging
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13. Commonly Used terms in Radiology
 X-Rays: These are High Energy
Electromagnetic Radiations produced from
radiographic Equipments
 Radiations: Energy Moving in the form of Rays
 Radiation Biology: The science that studies the
effects of radiation
 Radiation protection: Measures taken to
mitigate the effects of Ionising radiations
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14. Def. of Concepts Continued
 CT Scan: Computerized Tomography Scan;
which denotes the Process of obtaining
Sectional images of the body with use of X
Rays and Computers for Diagnostic and
Therapeutic Purposes
 MRI Scan: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scan
 Ultrasonography: Examination of the
Body with use of Ultrasound Waves
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15. Defs. of radiology Concepts Cont
 Radiologic Technologist: A Trained
Medical Imaging Professional, using
Radiologic Equipments for Diagnosis
 Sonographer: A specialized Medical
Imaging professional that uses Ultrasound in
Diagnosing Disorders of the body
 Radiologist: A Specialized Medical Doctor
in the Field of Radiology that Interprets
radiologic Images
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16. Defs. Continued
 Mammography: Radiographic Imaging of
the Human Breasts
 Nuclear Medicine: Specialized modality of
Radiology, using radioactive materials for
Diagnosis and Therapy
 Radiotherapy: The Field in radiology
concerned with the Treatment of Diseases
(notably cancer), with use of High Energy
Ionising radiations
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17.  Radiotherapist: A specialized Medical
Imaging professional that uses Ionising
Radiations to treat Diseases
 Oncologist: A specialist in the field of
Oncology (study of cancer)
 Radiology Nurse: A Professional Nurse,
that works in the radiology department;
assisting in Nursing Interventions
 Medical Imaging Modality: A technical
subfield in Medical Imaging, making use
of a particular equipment and Radiation
for Diagnosis or Therapy
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18.  Radiograph: This is a 2 dimensional X-Ray
image of the human body.
 Radiographs are usually the first line of
radiologic images taken of the human body.
 Radiographs help in the assessment of
bones
 Conventional X-Ray machines produce
Radiographs.
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Defs. of radiology Concepts Cont

19. Medical Imaging
Modalities
(This refers to the Various Machines, the Principle of operation
and the resulting images for diagnosis and therapy)
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20. Classification of Radiology
1. Diagnostic Radiology
2. Therapeutic Radiology
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21. Diagnostic Radiologic Modalities
 1. Conventional radiography ( Plain X-ray
Procedures)
 2. Ultrasonography
 3. Mammography
 4. Dental Panography
 5.CT Scan
 6.MRI Scan
 7.PET Scan
 8.SPECT Scan
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22. Diagnostic Radiologic Modalities continued
 9.Thermography
 10,Interventional Radiology( Angiography,
radiologic Imaged guided interventions etc)
 11.Fluoroscopy
 12.Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine
 13.Special Radiographic Exams (Barium
Enema/Transit, Galactography, Cholangiography,
IVU, Urethrogram, Hysterosalpingography, etc.)
Others:
ECG, EEG, EMG
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23. Therapeutic Radiology
1. Radiotherapy
2. Therapeutic Nuclear
Medicine
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24. Other Specialized Fields of
Radiology
Related Specialized Areas of Radiology:
1. Oncology
 2.Radiation Biology (radiobiology)
 3.Radiation Protection
 4. Radiology Education
 Radiology Research and Development
(IAEA)
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25. Understanding
Ionising radiations
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26.  Review The definition of Radiation: Energy
transmitted in the form of rays from one point to
another
Radiation is Described as being Ionising, if it
has the power to eject one or more electrons from
the atoms or molecules in the irradiated medium.
This is the case of Alpha and beta radiations, as
well as of electromagnetic radiations such as
gamma radiations, X-rays and some ultra-violet
rays. Visible or infrared light are not, nor are
microwaves or radio
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27. Radiation is also defined as
 Radiation is an energy in the form of electro-
magnetic waves or particulate matter, traveling
in the air.”
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28. Source of Ionising radiation
 They are produced from unstable atoms.
Unstable atoms are radioactive and in order to
attain stability, they emit the excess energy in
the form of radiation
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29. The EM Spectrum
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30. Primary Types of Ionizing
Radiation
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays (or photons)
X-Rays (or photons)
Neutrons
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31. Medical Uses of Ionising
and Non-ionising
Radiations
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32. Medical Applications
Radiations
 Principally, Radiations are used for the
Following reasons in Medicine
 1. For Diagnosis of Body Disorders
2. For Treatment of Diseases
3. Research Purposes
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33.  The production and Use of Ionising radiations
in Medicine Needs Justification to Prevent the
Effects of Radiation exposure
 Radiation use MUST ALWAYS BE
REGULATED. ALL HOSPITAL STAFF
AND ESPECIALLY THOSE IN THE
RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT BESIDES
PATIENTS MUST OBSERVE BASIC
Radiation Safety Rules
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34. Ionising Radiation Effects
 Exposure to Ionising Radiation has both short term
and Long term effects; all determined by the
quantity of Radiation Exposed to, the part of the
body exposed, the Radiologic Procedure done,
Sensitivity of the Patient to radiation, Health Status
of the patient, the type of Radiation used, to say the
least
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35. Some Ionising radiation Effects
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37. Cancer
Genetic effects
Skin injuries
Cataract
Infertility
Death
What can radiation do?
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39. Ionising radiation Effects
Warrant Radiation Safety
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Radiation Protection and
Safety

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42. Forms of Radiation Used in Medicine
• Machine produced radiation from X ray
tubes used in medical imaging
• Linear accelerators used in cancer
therapy
• Radioactive materials used in nuclear
medicine imaging and in some cancer
therapy applications.
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43. Current System of Radiological
Protection
– Three principles
 Justification
 Optimization
 Limitation
– Three categories of exposure
 Public
 Occupational
 Medical
– Three exposure situations
 Planned
 Existing
 Emergency

44. Why Teach Nurses
Fundamentals of Radiology?
 Nurses are at the Core of Medical Practice and
Spend Most of the Time with their Patients
 Radiology is Indispensable for effective Medical
Practice
 Nurses with Radiology Knowledge can better
care for their Patients
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45. Relevance of Medical Imaging in
Nursing Practice
 Emergency Care in Medicine Requires
Medical Imaging Diagnosis. Nurse’s
Knowledge of radiology there helps in
proper patient care
 Nurses are professionals who can request
basic Radiologic exams in the absence of
the attending Physician: Therefore basic
knowledge of radiology especially on Plain
radiographic procedures like:
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46.  Chest x rays (CXR)
 Abdominal X-Rays
 Skeletal radiographs to say the least
alongside abnormal findings is crucial in
improving on nursing care of the sick.
 This is most applicable in rural settings
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47.  A Nurse with Good Knowledge of
radiology especially Radiography and
Ultrasonography can safe the lives of many
patients through timely intervention, based
on reports from the afore mentioned
performed exams
 Nurses can take up duties as Radiology
Nurses in the Radiology Department;
therefore Radiology Training Serves as
Career Orientation for the Nurse
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48. Radiology Knowledge:
 Gives the Trained Nurse an edge in their
practice, job selection and recruitment due
to added value and Competencies in their
training.
 Therefore learn as much as you can
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49. ANY QUESTIONS ?
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50. https://rpop.iaea.org/SAFRON/
https://rpop.iaea.org/safrad/
https://nucleus.iaea.org/isemir/
http://nucleus.iaea.org/HHW/MedicalPhysics/index.html
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