1. DTCW 4103 – Software
Development
Chapter 1 ~ INFORMATION
SYSTEM : What are they?

2. Objectives:
 At the end of this chapter students
should be able to:-
 Understand the types of systems
 Understand the role of System Analyst
 Qualities of System Analyst
 Required skills of the System Analyst
 Job titles
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3. Overview
 IS are crucial to the success of modern
business organization.
 Constantly being developed to make
business more competitive.
 Clear IT in IS can have dramatic impact of
technology & profits.
 BUT not the technology itself, it is the
people who develop IS solution that strap up
the power of this tech that makes benefits
possible.
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4. Overview
 Systems analyst – KEY to successful
system/software development.
 Understanding and specifying in detail
what the information system should do.
 Understanding what the business
requires from the IS.
 System design – Specifying in detail how
the many components of IS should be
physically implemented.
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5. What does Analyst Solve?
 Some typical problems are :
 Customer wants to order products any
time of the day and night. Problem: How
to process those orders round the clock
without adding to the selling cost.
 Management continually wants to know
the current financial picture of the
company including profit and loss, cash
flow and stock market forecast. Problem:
How to collect, analyze and present all
the financial information mgmt wants.
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6. What is Information System?
 Information System – A collection of
interrelated components that collect,
process, store and provide as output
the information needed to complete
business tasks.
 Information – Raw data that already
been process.
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7. What is Information System?
 System – A collection of interrelated
components that function together to
achieve some outcome.
 Subsystem – A system that is part of
a larger system.
 Supersystem – A larger systems that
contains other systems.
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8. Types of systems
 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Office Automation System (OAS) and Knowledge
Work Systems (KWS)
 Management Information Systems (MIS)
 Decision Support System (DSS)
 Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligent (AI).
 Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) and
Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems
 Executive Support System (ESS)
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9. Transaction Processing
Systems (TPS)
 To capture and process large amount
of data for routine business
transactions such as payroll and
inventory
 A TPS reduces the time, increase
efficiency
 Manager will use up to date data from
TPS monitor what is happening in the
company
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10. Office Automation Systems
and Knowledge Work System
 OAS
 to support data workers
 To share and manipulate the information
 Disseminate the information in organization
 Eg: Word processing, spreadsheet, desktop publishing,
electronic scheduling, and communication through email,
and video conferencing.
 KWS – support professional workers such as
scientists, engineers, and doctors
 Allow them to create new knowledge and allow them to
contribute it .
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11. Decision Support System
(DSS)
 is a highly flexible and interactive IT system that is
designed to support decision making when the
problem is not structured
 A DSS is an alliance between you, decision maker,
and specialized support provided by IT.
 IT brings speed, vast amount of information, and
sophisticated processing capabilities to help you
create information useful in decision making.
 DSS is to improve your effectiveness as a decision
maker by providing you with assistance that will
compliment your insights.
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12. Expert System and AI
 Artificial Intelligent (AI) is the science
of making machines mimic human
thought processes and behavior.
 Four types:
 Expert System
 Neural Network
 Genetic Algorithm
 Intelligent System
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13. Expert System
 Expert System is an artificial intelligence system
that applies reasoning capabilities to reach to
conclusion.
 ES captures and makes available to you the
expertise of a human expert
 ES solves problems by mimicking the reasoning
process of a human expert to reach a conclusion
 The problem-solving strategy of a domain expert,
the domain expertise, is transferred to the
knowledge base by the engineer using the
knowledge acquisition component
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14. Group Decision Support
System
 A group decision support system (GDSS) is
a type of decision support system that
facilitates the formulation of and solution to
problems by a team.
 A GDSS facilitates team decision making by
integrating
 Groupware
 DSS capabilities
 Telecommunication
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15. Executive Support System
 Help executives organize their
interactions with the external
environment
 Rely on TPS and MIS
 Address the unstructured decision
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16. Integrating Technologies for
systems
 Ecommerce Applications and Web services
 Increase awareness
 24 hrs access
 Standard design
 Global system
 Enterprise Resource Planning System
 Integration of information of many IS on different
management level and different functions
 System for wireless and handheld devices
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17. Need for systems analysis and
design
 System analyst:-
 Analyze data input
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Information output
 SAD is used to analyze, design and
implement improvements in the
functioning of businesses
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18. Roles of System Analyst
 System Analyst must be able to work with
different types of people and must be very
experienced in working with computers.
 The three primary roles of the System
Analyst are:
 Consultant
 Supporting Expert
 Agent of change
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19. System Analyst as Consultant
 Analyst may be hired specifically to address information
systems issues within a business
 This can offer many advantages since outside consultants can
bring in new suggestions with fresh perspectives
 The only disadvantage of hiring an outside consultant is that
he/she would never truly understand the true nature of the
organization
 Outside consultants would rely heavily on systematic methods
to analyze and design appropriate information systems for a
particular business
 Outside consultants also rely on the system’s users to obtain a
clearer picture of the organization
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20. System Analyst as Supporting
Expert
 The analyst would draw on
professional expertise concerning the
computer hardware and software and
their uses in the business
 This work is often used for making
small modifications or decision
affecting a single department
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21. System Analyst as Agent of
Change
 An agent of change is defined as a person who serves as a
catalyst for change, develops a plan for change and works
with others in facilitating the change
 An analyst is considered to be an agent of change whenever:
 He/she performs any of the activities in the system development
life cycle (SDLC)
 He/she is present in the business for an extended period of time
 At the very beginning, the analyst needs to interact with the
users to get a better picture of the current system
 If changes is warranted than the analyst needs to develop a
plan for change along with the people who would be carrying
out the changes
 The analyst must also inform the users who would be affected
by the changes
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22. Quality of System Analyst
 Must be a problem solver who enjoys devising
workable solutions
 Must be an effective communicator who is
capable to relate meaningful information to other
people over extended periods of time
 Must be experienced enough to program, to
understand the capabilities of computers, to obtain
and understand information from the users and to
communicate what is needed to programmers
 Must be self-disciplined and self-motivated
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23. Required skills of the System
Analyst
 Technical Knowledge and Skills
 Business Knowledge and Skills
 People Knowledge and Skills
 Integrity and Ethics
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24. Technical Knowledge and
Skills
 The System Analyst should
understand the fundamental of:-
 Computers and how they work
 Other devices (input, storage, output)
 Communication networks and protocol
 Database and DBMS
 OOP languages and class libraries
 Operating system and Utility
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25. Technical Knowledge and
Skills
 System Analyst should also know a lot
about tools such as:-
 Integrated development environment
(IDEs). Eg: Sun ONE studio for JAVA or
VB.NET
 CASE tools eg: Rational XDE modeles,
Borland Together
 Program code generator, testing tools,
support tools, project man
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26. Technical Knowledge and
Skills
 System Analyst should also know a lot
about tools such as:-
 Project planning technique
 Cost/benefit analysis technique
 Interviewing technique
 Requirement modeling technique
 Architectural analysis technique
 Network configuration technique
 Database design technique
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27. Business Knowledge and
Skills
 What does the analyst need to know?
 What business functions do organization
perform?
 How are organizations structured?
 How are organizations managed?
 What types of work goes on in
organizations? ( finance, manufacturing,
marketing, customer service )
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28. People Knowledge and Skills
 It is critical that the analyst understand
how people:
 Think – to better anticipate they way to
interact.
 Learn – new technologies adapt
 React to change - must be prepared to
change to see the benefits of change.
 Communicate – influence and motivate
 Work (in variety of jobs and levels) –
support the personnel
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29. Integrity and Ethics
 Keep information private – salary, job
performance, health, etc.
 Expected to sustain the highest ethical
standard – can destroy any impropriety
appearance.
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30. Types of Technology
Encountered
 Future analysts may encounter these
following:
 Desktop system.
 Networked desktop system that shared
data.
 Client-server systems.
 Large-scale centralized mainframe
systems.
 Systems using Internet, extranet
technology.
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31. Typical Job Titles
 Some of the job titles that you may encounter:
 Programmer analyst.
 Business SA.
 System liaison.
 End-user analyst.
 Business consultant.
 System consultant.
 System support analyst.
 System designer.
 Software engineer.
 System architect.
 Webmaster.
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 Project leader/Project Manager