Biggest Global Health Threats

Biggest Threats and Global Health
Security
Prof.Dr. Nawfal H.Aldujaili
nawfal.aldujaili@uokufa.edu.iq
March 22 2021
Diseases Don’t Respect National Borders

Email :info@alkafeel.edu.iq Website :http://Alkafeel.edu.iq
Biggest Threats
Climate change and Air pollution
Noncommunicable diseases
Global influenza pandemic
Fragile and vulnerable settings
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
Weak primary health care
Vaccine hesitancy
Dengue
HIV
Emerging Infectious disease (EID)
Bioterrorism
Health care waste
Dual Use Research of Concern
(DURC)
Genome editing
Synthetic Biology

Global health risk spectrum
4

Death Toll
5

Death Toll
6

World 100 years ago and Now
7
100 years ago Now
Population 1.5 Billion 7 Billion
Isolated communities Megacities are incubators
55 % in cities, 1 in 7 in slums
Minimum travel 30,000 flights/day
Most people lives in 100 miles radius Climate change, Civil unrest

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
8
 Emerging infections Infectious diseases whose incidence in
humans has increased in the past 2 decades or threatens to
increase in the near future These diseases, which respect no
national boundaries, include:
New infections (resultingfromchangesorevolutionofexistingorganisms)
Infections spreading to new geographic areas or populations
Previously unrecognized infections in areas undergoing ecologic
transformation
 Old infections reemerging as a result of antimicrobial resistance in
known agents or breakdowns in public health measures

Emerging Species in Taxonomic Division
o 1400 species of infectious organisms,pathogenic to humans
o 175 pathogenic species with emerging diseases
o 75% were zoonotic
44 % Viruses or prions
30 % Bacteria or rickettsia
11 % Protozoa
9 % Fungi
6 % Helminths
9

Email :info@alkafeel.edu.iq Website :http://Alkafeel.edu.iq 10
Asian live markets (pathogen mixing)

Global Climate Change affect EID
Global temperature increase by 0.3–4.8ºC
Shifting the vector's geographic range, Increasing reproductive and
biting rates
 Shortening the pathogen incubation period.
 Human migration and damage to health infrastructures
 Human susceptibility to infections
 Incidence of mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue
…..
Climate-related increases in sea surface temperature and sea level
can lead to higher incidence of water-borne infectious and toxin-related
illnesses, such as cholera and shellfish poisoning.
11

Deaths attributable to AMR annually, and by 2050
13

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
AMR is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as
poor infection prevention and control.
AMR that developed in your body may harm you, your families,
environment, other people , society as a whole.
Each year more than 700,000 people die due to AMR . The death could
rise up to 10,000,000 people per year, by 2050.
200,000 to 250,000 tons of antimicrobials are consumed worldwide
each year. 70% are consumed by animals and 30% are by humans.
14

Health care waste
15

Bioterrorism
Agroterrorism the deliberate introduction of animal or plant pests (eg, bacteria,
viruses, fungi) with generating fear, causing economic damage, and/or undermining
social stability
Biological warfare a specialized type of warfare involving the use of biological
agents conducted by a government against a target (human, agriculture, or
infrastructure)
Bioterrorism: the threat or use of a biological agent (or toxin) against humans,
animals, or plants by individuals or groups motivated by political, religious,
ecological,……
Bioterrorism aims to create casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss,
inspired by ideological, religious or political beliefs. bioterrorism cause economic
losses by infecting livestock or crops, or contaminating buildings.
Biocrime: the threat or use of a biological agent for murder, extortion, or revenge

Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC)
DURC :misuse of life sciences research conducted for legitimate
scientific purposes.
DURC“Life sciences research that, based on understanding, can provide
knowledge, information, products, or technologies could be directly
misapplied to pose a threat with potential consequences to public health
and safety, agricultural crops and other plants, animals, the environment,
materiel, or national security”
2001 Ron Jackson of Australian National University found that inserting an
Interleukin 4 gene in mousepox killed the animals (including many that had been
vaccinated for mousepox). They had been trying to create a vaccine to stimulate
antibodies against mouse eggs to make the animals infertile. The mousepox virus as
a vector to carry egg proteins to trigger an immune response, and the IL-4 was to
boost antibody production
17

DURC
18
Public
good
Misused
for
harm

Genome editing
Technique enables precise modification of the nucleic acid sequences
overproduction intended metabolites including green chemicals and fuels.
tools, including
o Antisense RNA
o RNA interference (RNAi)
o transposon mutagenesis
o RecA ,Red-based homologous recombination
o zinc finger nucleases (ZFN)
o Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN)
o CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
19

CRISPR Technology
CRISPR adaptive immune systems derived from the immune systems in
bacteria and archaea against foreign nucleic acids,phages and plasmids.
The Cas9 endonuclease can drive DNA binding and cleavage through an
engineered single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence .
Editing genes can mean removing or replacing an existing gene,
switching a gene on or off, or inserting a new gene altogether
Researchers order the sequence of guide RNA to include a part of the
gene they're interested in, plus the Cas binding sequence, mix it with the
Cas protein to suit the job and they're ready to go
20

Twin girls altered DNA to protects from HIV
21

Synthetic Biology
Synthetic biology : design and construction of new biological parts, devices and
systems and the re-design of existing biological systems.
The ability to synthesize any genomic sequence both naturally occurring and
artificial
Transform bacteria and viruses with selected genes, recreate known but difficult to
attain pathogens (including extinct ancient pathogens), and even create novel
microbial genomes is a growing reality.
Studying genes, altering cell lines to study diseases, generating therapeutic
solutions, and bioenergy
Generate a microorganism to use as a biological weapon or could create
unintentional consequences of an accidental release.
22

Making Microorganism
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Technique Example
Transferring genes B.anthracis to E.coli
Gene shuffling rearranging gene
sequence
Removing part of a gene in Ebola
(more toxic)
Synthetic microbes gene sequences as
building blocks and splicing together
• Live polio virus (synthetic
oligonucleotides)
• Adding IL-4 to mousepox genome,
virus was able to kill mice
vaccinated against mousepox
Hybrid viruses (recombining related
strains )
Dengatitis virus (HBC & dengue to
find a vaccine for HBC)

One Health
24

Health of environment, animal and human
25

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Biggest Global Health Threats

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