1. Content
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
QualityQuality
Risk ManagementRisk Management
ICH Q9ICH Q9
ContentContent
Disclaimer: This presentation includes the authors views on quality risk management theory and practice.
The presentation does not represent official guidance or policy of authorities or industry.
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Purpose of this part
• To guide through the content of the ICH Q9 document
• Provide some considerations, possible interpretations
and where appropriate examples
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
ICH Q9: Quality Risk Management (QRM)
• Document is available on the ICH Webpage
www.ich.org
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Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. Principles of Quality Risk Management
4. General Quality Risk Management Process
5. Risk Management Methodology
Annex I: Risk Management Methods and Tools
6. Integration of QRM process
into Industry and Regulatory operations
Annex II: Potential Applications for QRM
7. Definitions
8. References
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction
Risk Management
Quality Risk Management
Quality Systems
Harm
Severity
Stakeholder
Product Life Cycle
GMP Compliance
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
This guideline provides
principles & examples of tools
of quality risk management that can be applied to
different aspects of pharmaceutical quality.
2. Scope
These aspects include development, manufacturing,
distribution, and the inspection and submission/review
processes throughout the lifecycle
of drug substances, drug (medicinal) products,
biological and biotechnological products
ICH Q9
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
2. Scope
• Drug substances,
• Drug (medicinal) products,
• Biological and biotechnological products
Including the selection and use of
> Raw materials
> Solvents
> Excipients
> Packaging and labelling materials
> Components
CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
3. Principles of Quality Risk Management
Two primary principles:
The evaluation of
the risk to quality
should be based on
scientific knowledge
and ultimately link
to the protection
of the patient
The level of effort,
formality and
documentation
of the quality risk
management process
should be commensurate
with the level of risk
ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Systematic processes
designed to
coordinate, facilitate and improve
sciencescience--based decision makingbased decision making
with respect to risk to quality
ICH Q9
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4. A General
Quality
Risk
Management
Process
Team
approach
Risk Review
RiskCommunication
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
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Risk Control
Risk Analysis
Risk Reduction
Risk Identification
Review Events
Risk Acceptance
Initiate
Quality Risk Management Process
Output / Result of the
Quality Risk Management Process
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ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Decision makers:
Person(s)
with competence and authority
to make a decision
• Ensuring that
ongoing Quality Risk Management processes operate
• Coordinating
quality risk management process
across various functions and departments
• Supporting
the team approach
Management
responsibility
ICH
Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Team approach
• Usually, but not always, undertaken by interdisciplinary
teams from areas appropriate to the risk been
considered e.g.
> Quality unit
> Development
> Engineering / Statistics
> Regulatory affairs
> Production operations
> Business, Sales and Marketing
> Legal
> Medical / Clinical
> &… Individuals knowledgeable of the QRM processes
CONSIDERATIONS
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
When to initiate and plan a QRM Process
• First define the question which should be answered
(e.g. a problem and/or risk question)
> including pertinent assumptions identifying
the potential for risk
• Then assemble background information and/ or data
on the potential hazard, harm or human health impact
relevant to the risk
> Identify a leader and necessary resources
> Specify a timeline, deliverables and
appropriate level of decision making
for the QRM process ICH Q9
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Should risks
be assessed?
Are there clear rules
for decision making?
e.g. regulations
Yes
“no RM“
Risk assessment not required
(No flexibility)
Follow procedures
(e.g. Standard Operating Procedures)
Document results,
decisions and actions
When to apply Quality Risk Management?
CONSIDERATIONS
Based on K. Connelly, AstraZeneca, 2005
1. What might go wrong?
2. What is the likelihood (probability)
it will go wrong?
3. What are the consequences (severity)?No or
justification needed
Can you answer
the risk assessment
questions?
Yes
“informal RM“
Initiate Risk assessment
(risk identification, analysis & evaluation)
Run risk control
(select appropriate measures)
Agree on a team
(small project)
Select a Risk Management tool
(if appropriate e.g. see ICH Q9 Annex I)
No
“formal RM“
Carry out the
quality risk management process
Document the steps
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
• Risk Identification
What might go wrong?
• Risk Analysis
What is the likelihood (probability) it will go wrong?
• Risk Evaluation
What are the consequences (severity)?
Note: People often use terms
“Risk analysis”, “Risk assessment” and
“Risk management” interchangeably
which is incorrect!
Risk Assessment
3 fundamental
questions
ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
“What might go wrong?”
• A systematic use of information
to identify hazards
referring to the risk question or problem
> historical data
> theoretical analysis
> informed opinions
> concerns of stakeholders
Risk Assessment: Risk Identification
ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
“What is the likelihood it will go wrong?”
• The estimation of the risk
associated with the identified hazards.
• A qualitative or quantitative process of linking
the likelihood of occurrence and severity of
harm
• Consider detectability if applicable
(used in some tools)
Risk Assessment: Risk Analysis
ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Assessment: Risk Analysis
Often data driven
Keep in mind:
Statistical approached may or may not be used
• Maintain a robust data set!
• Start with the more extensive data set and reduce it
• Trend and use statistics (e.g. extrapolation)
• Comparing between different sets requires
compatible data
• Data must be reliable
• Data must be accessible Risk Review
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CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
“What is the risk?”
• Compare the identified and analysed risk
against given risk criteria
• Consider the strength of evidence
for all three of the fundamental questions
> What might go wrong?
> What is the likelihood (probability) it will go wrong?
> What are the consequences (severity)?
Risk Assessment: Risk Evaluation
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Assessment: Risk Evaluation
A picture of the life cycle
Probability Detectability Severity
past today future
Datarefersto
time
Impact
Canyoufindit?
= Risk Priority Number
x x
• Frequency of
“occurences”
driven by
the number
of trials
• Degree
of belief
CONSIDERATIONS
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Control: Decision-making activity
• Is the risk above an acceptable level?
• What can be done to reduce or eliminate risks?
• What is the appropriate balance
between benefits, risks and resources?
• Are new risks introduced as
a result of the identified
risks being controlled?
ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Control: Residual Risk
• The residual risk consists of e.g.
> Hazards that have been assessed and
risks that have been accepted
> Hazards which have been identified but
the risks have not been correctly assessed
> Hazards that have not yet been identified
> Hazards which are not yet linked to the patient risk
• Is the risk reduced to an acceptable level?
> Fulfil all legal and internal obligations
> Consider current scientific knowledge & techniques
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CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Control: Risk Reduction
• Mitigation or avoidance of quality risk
• Elimination of risks, where appropriate
• Focus actions on severity and/or probability
of harm; don’t forget detectability
• It might be appropriate to revisit the
risk assessment during the life cycle
for new risks or increased significance
of existing risks
ICH Q9
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Control: Risk Acceptance
• Decision to
> Accept the residual risk
> Passively accept non specified residual risks
• May require support by (senior) management
> Applies to both industry and competent authorities
• Will always be made on a case-by-case basis
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
4. General Quality Risk Management Process
Risk Control: Risk Acceptance
• Discuss the appropriate balance between
benefits, risks, and resources
• Focus on the patients’ interests and
good science/data
• Risk acceptance is not
> Inappropriately interpreting
data and information
> Hiding risks from management /
competent authorities Risk Review
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CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
What is an “acceptable risk”?
Risk Control: Risk Acceptance
Who has to accept risk?
• Decision Maker(s)
> Person(s) with the competence and authority
to make appropriate and timely
quality risk management decisions
• Stakeholder
> Any individual, group or organization
that can …be affected by a risk
> Decision makers might also be stakeholders
> The primary stakeholders are the patient, healthcare
professional, regulatory authority, and industry
> The secondary stakeholders are
patient associations, public opinions, politicians
(ICH Q9, definition)
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
A Risk
Acceptance process
1/3
Risk Review
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Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
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EXAMPLE
Finish baseline for
risk acceptance decision
risk identification, risk analysis,
risks evaluation, risks reduction
Risk reduction step
finished
Yes
Stakeholders
involved as appropiate?
Revisit
risk assessment step
All identified
risks assessed?
No
Yes
No
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
4. General
Quality
Risk
Management
Process
A Risk
Acceptance
process
2/3
Risk Review
RiskCommunication
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
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EXAMPLE
Evaluate measures
on severity, probability, detectability
Check needed resources
e.g. employee, money
Measures / Actions
appropriate?
No
Yes
Revisit
risk reduction step
Other hazards
caused?
Yes
Is a risk
reducible?
No
Measures/
actions needed?
Yes
No
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
4. General Quality Risk Management Process
A Risk Acceptance process 3/3
Risk Review
RiskCommunication
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
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EXAMPLE
Accept the
residual risk?
Ready for communication
Accept risk
Sign off documentation
Is a risk
reducible?
Yes
Advantage
outweighs risk?
Yes No
Yes
No
Risk not acceptable
Sign off documentation
Revisit
risk assessment step
No
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
• Be-directional sharing of information
about risk and risk management
between the decision makers and others
• Communicate at any stage of the QRM process
• Communicate and document
the output/result of the QRM process appropriately
• Communication need not be carried out
for each and every individual risk acceptance
• Use existing channels as specified in
regulations, guidance and SOP’s
Risk Communication
According to ICH Q9
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4. General Quality Risk Management Process
• Exchange or sharing of information, as appropriate
• Sometimes formal sometimes informal
> Improve ways of thinking and communicating
• Increase transparency
Risk Communication
CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Quality risk management
Industry
operation
- Submissions
- Manufacturing
Regulators
operation
- Reviews
- Inspections
Communication
facilitates trust
and understanding
CONSIDERATIONS
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Risk review: Review Events
• Review the output / results of the QRM process
• Take into account new knowledge and experience
• Utilise for planned or unplanned events
• Implement a mechanism to review or monitor events
• Reconsideration of risk acceptance decisions,
as appropriate
4. General Quality Risk Management Process
ICH Q9
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Expectations on methods and tools
• Supports science-based decisions
• A great variety are listed but other existing or
new ones might also be used
• No single tool is appropriate for all cases
• Specific risks do not always require the same tool
• Using a tool the level of detail of an investigation will
vary according to the risk from case to case
• Different companies, consultancies and competent
authorities may promote use of different tools based
on their culture and experiences
CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Contributing items to manage quality risks
• System Risk (facility & people)
> e.g. interfaces, operators risk, environment,
components such as equipment, IT, design elements
• System Risk (organisation)
> e.g. Quality systems, controls, measurements,
documentation, regulatory compliance
• Process Risk
> e.g. process operations and quality parameters
• Product Risk (safety & efficacy)
> e.g. quality attributes:
measured data according to specifications
CONSIDERATIONS
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5. Risk Management Methodology
• Supports a scientific and practical approach to
decision-making
• Accomplishing steps of the QRM process
> Provides documented, transparent and
reproducible methods
> Assessing current knowledge
> Assessing probability, severity and
sometimes detectability
ICH Q9
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5. Risk Management Methodology
• Adapt the tools for use in specific areas
• Combined use of tools may provide flexibility
• The degree of rigor and formality of QRM
> Should be commensurate with the complexity and
/ or criticality of the issue to be addressed and
reflect available knowledge
• Informal ways
> empirical methods and / or
internal procedures
ICH Q9
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Annex I: Risk Management Methods and Tools
• Provides a general overview of
and references for some of the primary tools
• Might be used in QRM by industry and regulators
• This is not an exhaustive list
• No one tool or set of tools is applicable to every
situation in which a QRM procedure is used
• For each of the tools
> Short description & reference
> Strength and weaknesses
> Purely illustrative examples
ICH Q9
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Overview: Some tools and their key words
• Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)
> Break down large complex processes into manageable steps
• Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
> FMEA & links severity, probability & detectability to criticality
• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
> Tree of failure modes combinations with logical operators
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
> Systematic, proactive, and preventive method on criticality
• Hazard Operability Analysis (HAZOP)
> Brainstorming technique
• Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
> Possibilities that the risk event happens
• Risk ranking and filtering
> Compare and prioritize risks with factors for each risk
CONSIDERATIONS
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5. Risk Management Methodology
• Supporting statistical tools
> Acceptance Control Charts (see ISO 7966)
> Control Charts (for example)
Control Charts with Arithmetic Average and
Warning Limits (see ISO 7873)
Cumulative Sum Charts; “CuSum” (see ISO 7871)
Shewhart Control Charts (see ISO 8258)
Weighted Moving Average
> Design of Experiments (DOE)
Pareto Charts
> Process Capability Analysis
> Histograms
> Use others that you are familiar with….
ICH Q9
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
5. Risk Management Methodology
Q9 does not provide
“drivers licences”
CONSIDERATIONS
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
6. Integration into
Industry and Regulatory Operations
• Foundation for “science-based” decisions
• Does not obviate industry’s obligation
to comply with regulatory requirements
• May affect the extent and level
of direct regulatory oversight
• Degree of rigor and formality commensurate with
the complexity and/or criticality of the issue
• Implement QRM principles when updating
existing guidelines
ICH Q9
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Annex II: Potential Applications for QRM
This Annex is intended to identify potential uses of
quality risk management principles and tools by
industry and regulators.
However, the selection of particular risk management
tools is completely dependent upon specific facts and
circumstances.
These examples are provided for illustrative purposes and
only suggest potential uses of quality risk management.
This Annex is not intended to create any new
expectations beyond the current regulatory requirements.
ICH Q9 Introduction to Annex II
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Annex II: Potential Applications for QRM
Quality risk management as part of
• Integrated quality management
> Documentation
> Training and education
> Quality defects
> Auditing / Inspection
> Periodic review
> Change management / change control
> Continual improvement
Competent
authorities
Industry
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ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Annex II:Potential opportunities
for conducting quality risk management
• Industry operations
> Development
> Facilities, equipment and utilities
> Materials management
> Production
> Laboratory control and stability testing
> Packaging and labelling
Competent
authorities
Industry
Competent
authorities
Quality risk management as part of
• Regulatory operations
> Inspection and assessment activities
48. Content
prepared by some members of the ICH Q9 EWG for example only; not an official policy/guidance July 2006, slide 48
ICH Q9 QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Use the rightUse the right ““riskrisk”” expressionexpression
please!
Risk Review
RiskCommunication
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
unacceptable
Risk Control
Risk Analysis
Risk Reduction
Risk Identification
Review Events
Risk Acceptance
Initiate
Quality Risk Management Process
Output / Result of the
Quality Risk Management Process
RiskManagementtools
