HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 6 Jervaughn F. Reid Helm School of Government, Liberty University Human Trafficking in United states of America Dr. Melvin Richards July 1, 2021 Author Note Jervaughn F. Reid I do not have any conflict of interest to disclose. Any communication about this article should be articulated to Jervaughn F. Reid Email: [email protected] Human Trafficking in United States of America. Human trafficking is among the Criminal activities that have been so common in most countries worldwide. Some of these countries suffer from the organized crimes by a group of gangsters. The fascinating thing is that majority of these criminal activities are observant with rational choicer theory and the conspiracy theory. By observing these theories imply that the organizers of the crime do it under their full conscience. Before they do the crime, they calculate the impacts of crime and find it more beneficial. They overlook the adverse effects to be outshined by the positive impact. Criminal cases take different nature; some may be due to robbery with violence. Some may be due to conning where the perpetrators of the criminal activity apply their witty character to get what they need from the victims. Human trafficking is one of the criminal activities that has since been ravaging the United States of America. These criminal activities through human trafficking have impacted the concerned countries in several ways, for example, in the human rights aspect or financial aspect. Several countries, as a result, try as much as possible to combat such criminal cases. The concerned countries address these issues through the inaction of rules and laws that help tackle criminal cases. Others use religious intervention by preaching to people worldwide so that the criminals can change their minds and avoid involved in criminal activities. This paper aims to address the crime topology of the human trafficking done by Ping in the United States of America. Under this, it will address the nature of people and the society in the country. In addition to that, it will address the structure of the government. The paper captures the scope of the organized crime of human trafficking, the impact of crime on the United States, policies that may help mitigate human trafficking crime, and finally, address the biblical allusion to the aspects of the organized crime above. Country Analysis The United States of America are history show that many criminal cases have primarily manifested in the past. The United States of America can get located in North America and borders countries like Mexico and Canada. It consists of 50 state and federal districts. People and Society of the United States of America It has various diversities ranging from Asian, African, Hispanic, European, and native American origin. In addition, the country also has a direct link to other countries outside, like the republic of China (Tushnet, 2016). All these pe ...

1. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
6
Jervaughn F. Reid
Helm School of Government, Liberty University
Human Trafficking in United states of America
Dr. Melvin Richards
July 1, 2021
Author Note
Jervaughn F. Reid
I do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.
Any communication about this article should be articulated
to
Jervaughn F. Reid
Email: [email protected]
Human Trafficking in United States of America.
Human trafficking is among the Criminal activities that have
been so common in most countries worldwide. Some of these
countries suffer from the organized crimes by a group of
gangsters. The fascinating thing is that majority of these
criminal activities are observant with rational choicer theory
and the conspiracy theory. By observing these theories imply

2. that the organizers of the crime do it under their full
conscience. Before they do the crime, they calculate the impacts
of crime and find it more beneficial. They overlook the adverse
effects to be outshined by the positive impact. Criminal cases
take different nature; some may be due to robbery with
violence. Some may be due to conning where the perpetrators of
the criminal activity apply their witty character to get what they
need from the victims. Human trafficking is one of the criminal
activities that has since been ravaging the United States of
America.
These criminal activities through human trafficking have
impacted the concerned countries in several ways, for example,
in the human rights aspect or financial aspect. Several
countries, as a result, try as much as possible to combat such
criminal cases. The concerned countries address these issues
through the inaction of rules and laws that help tackle criminal
cases. Others use religious intervention by preaching to people
worldwide so that the criminals can change their minds and
avoid involved in criminal activities.
This paper aims to address the crime topology of the human
trafficking done by Ping in the United States of America. Under
this, it will address the nature of people and the society in the
country. In addition to that, it will address the structure of the
government. The paper captures the scope of the organized
crime of human trafficking, the impact of crime on the United
States, policies that may help mitigate human trafficking crime,
and finally, address the biblical allusion to the aspects of the
organized crime above.
Country Analysis
The United States of America are history show that many
criminal cases have primarily manifested in the past. The
United States of America can get located in North America and
borders countries like Mexico and Canada. It consists of 50
state and federal districts.
People and Society of the United States of America
It has various diversities ranging from Asian, African, Hispanic,

3. European, and native American origin. In addition, the country
also has a direct link to other countries outside, like the
republic of China (Tushnet, 2016). All these people have
various backgrounds, and therefore their characters also vary
from one group to another. This diversity, therefore, makes the
United States one of the countries that may be too much
vulnerable to criminal cases. To date United States still
announces the lottery chances for new applicants for those who
may be lucky and win green cards (Potrafke, 2018). This
condition has created a more significant influx of immigration
of people worldwide into the US.
Government Structure of United States of America
The United States have a strong governance structure. The
levels of government range from the executive, the judiciary,
and the legislature. The legislature comprises the house of
representatives and the senate. Their three leading roles are to
legislate, oversee, and represent the people who have elected
them to the various positions. These are people from their
respective states. Under the legislation role, the legislature
ensures that they enact laws or rules to combat or mitigate
criminal activities. Several reports of the increase in criminal
cases among the 50 states of the country promoted the above
legislation (Potrafke, 2018). Their oversight role is to supervise
whether the funds that the government has distributed to the
respective ministries ate utilized well to serve the interest of the
American citizens.
The executive, whose aim is to implement the government
policies and provide services, comprises the president and his
deputy, cabinet ministries, and the federal agencies. The
executive consists of the following, the supreme court and the
federal courts. Their main aim is to interpret laws on behalf of
the citizens to understand various hidden details that they might
have messed up. The supreme court is the highest court on the
land, the supreme court listens to the appellate cases already
heard from the lower courts, and the outcome still had
stalemates. Therefore, it makes a very profound decision that

4. will be fair to all the parties involved in that particular case. It
consists of the chief justice and eight other judges who sit in a
jury to decide a specific case.
In addition to that, several federal courts interpreted and
decided various criminal cases in the judicial sector. The
federal courts consist of the district courts and the appellate
courts of various districts (Bruhl, 2018). Some require a very
sharp interpretation of the law to find any mistake that the
accused might have committed.
Nature of the Organized Crime
Cheng Chui Ping was a Chinese American nationalist who
participated in human trafficking in the 20th and 21st centuries.
She carried out a well-planned human trafficking activity
throughout the United States of America. Several people
trafficked were from the republic of China into the United
States; the surplus went to Canada (Fabiani, & Behlendorf,
2021). She carried out this activity between 1984v to 2000.
She began this operation in early 1980 when she was in a one-
woman process. She used to sneak people from China to the
United States of America at a fee of 35000 dollars. This lady
carried out human trafficking through an airline company that
acted as a means of transport (Abadinsky, 2007). She
intentionally forged documents used by the people she would
transport into the United States of America.
In 1989, reports showed that ping had smuggled over 3000
Chinese nationals into the United States of America. Many of
them died out of suffocation and the mistreatments they had
received in the boat (Albanese & Reichel, 2014). She kept
several people in captivity while waiting for their fees of the
voyage to be paid by the people they would work for in the
United States of America.
Sister ping used one of the most featured criminals in the USA
and China to succeed in human trafficking; these gangs would
help smooth the people's smooth transportation without being
hindered by anti-trafficking security officers monitoring the
ocean to prevent illegal immigration (Ma, 2018). On the verge

5. of her improved smuggling skills, she extended her illegal
services to other countries such as Canada and Pakistan.
After being on the run for a very long time, sister ping was
eventually arrested in China when shred went to attend the
event by the communist party (Reichel, & Albanese, 2013). In
the year 2000, the court found her guilty, and this made her be
imprisoned in the US until she died in 2014.
Impacts of The Crime on Government
Some of the effects rely on the financial aspect of the human
element.
Financial Impact
The criminal activities organized by sister Ping have a more
significant impact on the financial aspect of the government.
Financially, this criminal activity affected the government
financial collection in the airline sector. Most smuggled people
through the airlines could not pay the reasonable transportation
cost that the normal price requires. In addition, the funds
obtained through the smuggling never reached the United States
government coffers. In the years when sister ping used to carry
out the trafficking of the humans. The airline in the United
States made a significant loss (Albanese & Reichel, 2014).
Therefore, this qualifies sister Ping’s business to be more
illegal and suffocating to the government.
The Human Impact
During this period, the government faced increased
demonstrations on the citizens urging the government to
improve their efforts to combat the human trafficking business.
Most of the people transported faced many mistreat because if
they failed to pay the ransom fee due, they got subjected to
harsh conditions. The smugglers called this fee the
transportation cost (Albanese & Reichel, 2014). Therefore, the
government faced a lot of cases in court to answer some
questions about its failure to observe human rights.
Death impact
This business leads to the loss of life for several people
transported via the sea. Those who failed to oblige to the rules

6. could be thrown in the water and die (Siegel, 2019). The
diagram below shows how smuggled people died in the sea as
they got smuggled into the United States of America.
Policies That May Be Put in Place to Mitigate the Committed
Crime
Several policies may be put in place to combat such criminal
cases regarding the criminal activity undertaken by ping.
According got the United States of America’s laws regarding
crime, the following policies and regulations have been put in
place to combat this crime. They include (Siegel, 2019).
1. US code title 22, chapter 78, trafficking victim’s protection,
this law protects all people who may be involved in the human
trafficking activity (Fang et al., 2019). It prevents them from
falling victim to this vice.
1. Victims of trafficking and violence prevention acted in 2003
to prevent the mistreat of people into slavery-like norms.
1. The United Kingdom has placed very stricter rules on the
border to combat the criminal cases at the border points.
1. The federal immigration and refugee protection act
criminalizes refugee protection in Canada as a law that protects
the illegal migration of people to Canada. It prohibits human
trafficking since it is against the labor requirements.
Bible Integration
The bible gives an allusion to the organized criminal activity in
the book of genesis chapter 37: 28, Then there passed by
Midianites merchantmen; and they drew and lifted up Joseph
out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelite’s for
twenty pieces of silver: and they brought Joseph into Egypt”
(KJV). Joseph’s brothers became jealous of him (NKJV);
eventually, the people who sold him relied on him for help.
Joseph later became very influential in the government of king
Pharaoh, and he played a huge role.
In the book of proverbs 31:8,” And the LORD said, I have
surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt, and
have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know
their sorrows” (NKJV). God had heard the cries of his people in

7. the land of Egypt, Just like in the modern world the enslaved
were suffering. God himself rescued Israelites through Moses.
References
Abadinsky, H. (2007). Organized crime. Thomson Wadsworth.
Albanese, J. S., & Reichel, P. (2014). Transnational organized
crime: an overview from six continents. Sage.
Bruhl, A. A. P. (2018). Statutory Interpretation and the Rest of
the Iceberg: Divergences Between the Lower Federal Courts and
the Supreme Court. Duke LJ, 68, 1.
Fabiani, M. D., & Behlendorf, B. (2021). Cumulative
disruptions: interdependency and commitment escalation as
mechanisms of illicit network failure. Global Crime, 22(1), 22-
50.
Fang, S., Nguyen, P., Coverdale, J., & Gordon, M. (2019). What
are the Human Trafficking Policies of Professional Medical
Organizations? Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2019.1698895
King James Bible. (2018). King James Bible
Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original Work
Published 1769)
Ma, X. (2018). Human smuggling: The case of illegal Chinese
immigrants in the United States. In Illicit Industries and China’s
Shadow Economy (pp. 29-45). Routledge.
Potrafke, N. (2018). Government ideology and economic policy-
making in the United States—a survey. Public Choice, 174(1),
145-207.
Reichel, P., & Albanese, J. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of
transnational crime and justice. SAGE publications.
Siegel, L. J. (2019). Criminology: The Core (7th ed.). Cengage.
Tushnet, M. V. (2015). The Constitution of the United States of
America: a contextual analysis. Hart.
CJUS 810
Research Paper Assignment Instructions
Overview

8. In developing your expertise in transnational organized crime
(TOC) you will be writing a series of research papers. All
together the writing contained in all these papers combined
would be quite significant project! You will find that in some
modules, the research papers mimic our readings with respect to
subject matter and some modules, the research papers do not
mimic the reading. Again, the goal of these research papers is to
stretch the depth and breadth of your knowledge. You should
feel well prepared to teach a course in TOCs after completing
this course. The research papers and PowerPoints you create
could serve as the basis for such class. Additionally, you will
find that this course and the course CJUS701 Comparative
Criminal Justice Systems complement each other very well.
Instructions
· Each research paper should be a minimum of 6 to 8 pages.
· The vast difference in page count is because some countries
and/or crime/topics are quite easy to study and some countries
and/or crime/topics have very limited information.
· In some instances, there will be a plethora of information and
you must use skilled writing to maintain proper page count.
· Please keep in mind that this is doctoral level analysis and
writing – you are to take the hard-earned road – the road less
travelled – the scholarly road in forming your paper.
· The paper must use current APA style, and the page count
does not include the title page, abstract, reference section, or
any extra material.
· The minimum elements of the paper are listed below.
· You must use a minimum of 8 recent (some
countries/crimes/topics may have more recent research articles
than others), relevant, and academic (peer review journals
preferred and professional journals allowed if used judiciously)
sources, at least 2 sources being the Holy Bible, and one recent
(some countries/crime/topics have more recent than others)
news article. Books may be used but are considered
“additional: sources beyond the stated minimums. You may use
.gov sources as your recent, relevant, and academic sources if

9. the writing is academic in nature (authored works). You may
also use United Nations and Whitehouse.gov documents as
academic documents.
· Again, this paper must reflect graduate level research and
writing style. If you need to go over the maximum page count
you must obtain professor permission in advance! Please
reference the Research Paper Rubric when creating your
research paper.
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the topics
covered in your papers.
1. Begin your paper with a brief analysis of the following
elements:
0. Country analysis
0. Introduction to the country
0. People and society of the country
0. What is the basic government structure?
1. Analyze the nature of organized crime in the assigned area
(you may narrow the scope of your analysis through your
introduction or thesis statement if needed)
1. Analyze the impact of organized crime in the assigned area
on the government.
1. Briefly propose policies that may be helpful in mitigating
organized crime in the assigned area.
1. A Holy Bible comparison/analysis of the nature of the
organized crime system, the impact on the country, or your
proposed policy to mitigate the system.
The following is an outline of the minimum points to be covered
in your paper – Crime Typology Topics:
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the topics
covered in your papers...
1. Analyze the nature of assigned crime/issue with respect to (at
a minimum):
0. Scope of the crime/issue
0. Financial impact – if possible
0. Human impact – if possible
0. Analysis of various countries laws dealing with the

10. crime/issue.
1. Briefly propose policies that may be helpful in mitigating the
crime/topic on a specific country or transnational scale.
1. A Holy Bible comparison/analysis of the crime/topic
Textbooks:
Albanese & Reichel_- Transnational and Organized Crime
chapter 1
Albanese & Reichel – Handbook of Transnational Crime
Chapters 1-3, 14-15
Abadinsky Chapter 1-2
Assignment : HumanTrafficking
Page 2 of 2
Criteria Ratings Points
Content
Introduction
19 to >16.0 pts
Advanced
The introductory
paragraph contains a
strong thesis statement,
research question (s),
and/or statement of

11. research purpose and
provides an overview of
the paper.
16 to >14.0 pts
Proficient
The introductory paragraph
contains a moderately
developed thesis statement,
research question(s), and/or
statement of research
purpose.
14 to >0.0 pts
Developing
The thesis statement,
research question(s) and
overview of the paper need
improvement.
0 pts
Not
Present
19 pts
Content
Analysis
20 to >18.0 pts

12. Advanced
The topic is clearly
presented and
discussed in detail. Key
terms are defined as
needed. Complex issues
are navigated with
precision.
18 to >16.0 pts
Proficient
The topic is presented and
discussed appropriately.
Key terms are defined as
needed. Complex issues
are recognized.
16 to >0.0 pts
Developing
The topic is unclear or fairly
clear but discussed too
broadly or does not meet
expectations. Contextual
factors are weakly
considered and lacking in
some significant areas.
Complex issues are
overlooked or handled
without care.

13. 0 pts
Not
Present
20 pts
Content
Research &
Support
19 to >16.0 pts
Advanced
• Sources are evaluated
critically for applicability
in the paper.
• Research may
incorporate multiple
viewpoints of complex
issues. • Arguments
are correctly supported
with research.
16 to >14.0 pts
Proficient
• Sources are used
correctly. • Research is
aware of multiple viewpoints
of complex issues.
• Research is aware of
multiple viewpoints of

14. complex issues.
• Arguments are correctly
supported with research.
14 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Sources are used but not
critically evaluated.
• Arguments incorporate
limited research but often
include personal opinion
without appropriate support.
• Sources are, at times,
not used appropriately.
• Research is not aware of
multiple viewpoints of
complex issues.
0 pts
Not
Present
19 pts
Content
Conclusion
15 to >13.0 pts
Advanced
The conclusion is strong

15. and clearly summarizes
the research presented
in the body of the paper.
13 to >11.0 pts
Proficient
The conclusion summarizes
the research presented in
the body of the paper.
11 to >0.0 pts
Developing
The conclusion does not
adequately summarize the
research presented in the
body of the paper.
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Research Paper Grading Rubric | CJUS810_D02_202130
Criteria Ratings Points
Content

16. Christian
Worldview
15 to >13.0 pts
Advanced
Creates Christian
Worldview (CWV)
Section and applies
CWV elements and
support in explanation of
the training program with
specific biblical
references (book,
chapter, and verse).
13 to >11.0 pts
Proficient
Creates Christian
Worldview Section and
applies general CWV
elements and support in
explanation of the training
program with global
referencing to biblical
references (reference does
not have book, chapter, and
verse, rather, “the Bible
says type of references).
11 to >0.0 pts
Developing

17. Christian Worldview
mentioned. No specific
section in the paper. Only
general CWV elements and
support in explanation of
the training program with
global referencing to biblical
references (reference does
not have book, chapter, and
verse, rather, “the Bible
says type of references).
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Structure
Mechanics
12 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
• No grammar, spelling,
or punctuation errors are
present. • Voice and
person are used
correctly and
consistently. Writing is
precise. Word choice is
appropriate. • Student

18. has proper page count.
8-12 double-spaced
pages (or more if page
count waived by
instructor) not including
title page, abstract, or
reference section.
10 to >9.0 pts
Proficient
• Few grammar, spelling, or
punctuation errors are
present. • Voice and
person are used correctly.
Writing style is sufficient.
Word choice is adequate.
• Student has 70% of the
proper page count of 6 page
double-spaced pages not
including title page,
abstract, or reference
section.
9 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Several grammar,
spelling, or punctuation
errors are present. • Voice
and person are used
inconsistently. Writing style
is understandable but could
be improved. Word choice

19. is generally good.
• Student has less than
70% of the proper page
count of 6 page
double-spaced pages not
including title page,
abstract, or reference
section.
0 pts
Not
Present
12 pts
Structure
Mechanics
13 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
• Citations and format
are in current APA style.
• Cover page, abstract,
main body, and
reference section are
correctly formatted.
• Paper is
double-spaced with
1-inch margins and
written in 12 point Times
New Roman font.

20. 10 to >9.0 pts
Proficient
• Citations and format are
in current APA style with few
errors. • Cover page,
abstract, main body, and
reference section are
present with few errors.
• Paper is double-spaced
with 1-inch margins and
written in 12 point Times
New Roman font.
9 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Citations and format are
in current APA style though
several errors are present.
• Cover page, abstract,
main body, and reference
section are included though
several errors are present.
• Paper is double-spaced,
but margins or fonts are
incorrect.
0 pts
Not
Present
13 pts

21. Research Paper Grading Rubric | CJUS810_D02_202130
Criteria Ratings Points
Structure
Research
Elements
12 to >10.0 pts
Advanced
• Academic primary and
.gov (when necessary)
are used well and
include a minimum of 11
citations as listed below.
• 8 citation must be
recent (past 10 years
unless waived by
professor). Relevant,
academic (peer
reviewed) journals
preferred. However,
professional journals (no
more than 50%) and
.gov references may be
used for this
requirement. • Must
use at least 2 Holy Bible
citations. • Must use at
least one recent

22. newspaper article on the
country of study.
• Students may use
additional sources to
support their claims and
may use non-academic
sources as long as the
minimum requirements
above are met. • The
best 11 citations will be
graded.
10 to >9.0 pts
Proficient
• Research is aware of
multiple viewpoints of
complex issues.
• Academic primary and
.gov (when necessary) are
used well and include a
minimum of 70% of the
required 11 citations as
listed below. • 8 citations
must be recent (past 10
years unless waived by
professor). Relevant,
academic (peer reviewed)
journals preferred.
However, professional
journals (no more than
50%) and .gov references
may be used for this
requirement. • Must use at
least 2 Holy Bible citations.

23. • Must use at least one
recent newspaper article on
the country of study.
• Students may use
additional sources to
support their claims and
may use non-academic
sources as long as the
minimum requirements
above are met. • The best
11 citations will be graded.
9 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Less than 70% of the
Academic sources required
11 citations as listed below
are used. Reliance on
popular sources is evident.
• An incomplete or
inaccurate reference
section is provided. • 8
citations must be recent
(past 10 years unless
waived by professor),
relevant, academic (peer
reviewed) journals
preferred. However,
professional journals (no
more than 50%) and .gov
references may be used for
this requirement. • Must
use at least 2 Holy Bible
citations. • Must use at

24. least one recent newspaper
article on the country of
study. • Students may use
additional sources to
support their claims and
may use non-academic
sources as long as the
minimum requirements
above are met. • The best
11 citations will be graded.
0 pts
Not
Present
12 pts
Total Points: 125
Research Paper Grading Rubric | CJUS810_D02_202130