Atherosclerosis is one of the main disorder of blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is one of the main leading cause of death worldwide.

1. MAIN DISEASES
BLOOD
VESSELS
Part -1

2. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• Chronic disease of the arteries of elastic and
muscular-elastic type, caused by a violation of fat
and protein metabolism.
• Characterized by focal deposits of proteins and lipids
in the intima of blood vessels followed by the growth
of connective tissue around them.

3. Epidemiology:
• Widespread in Europe and North America.
• Russia takes one of the first places in Europe.
• It affects people from 25-30 years old, in this age
group men are 5 times more likely to be sick than
women,
• after 45-50 years these differences are less
pronounced,
• After 70 years, atherosclerosis is equally pronounced
in both sexes.
Complications
Atherosclerosis are the main cause of mortality
in the world’s population.

4. ETIOLOGY• Etiology of atherosclerosis is not yet fully
established
• Atherosclerosis is a polyetiological disease associated with
the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors.
1. Hyperlipoproteinemia (hypercholesterolemia)
2. Obesity and physical inactivity
3. Arterial hypertension
4. Stressful situations
5. Heredity
6. Smoking
7. Hormonal factors
8. Taking oral contraceptives for 5 years or more.
9. Age
10.Male gender – men begin to get sick earlier
11.Selenium deficiency
12.Viruses

5. PATHOGENESI
S:
1. Damage of the endothelium,
2. increased permeability (infiltration) of
intima by plasma lipoproteins,
3. In response, proliferation of smooth muscle
cells and macrophages that capture these
lipoproteins
4. Their cytoplasm takes on a foamy
appearance – xanthoma (yellow) cells.
5. Then these cells synthesize collagen and
elastic fibers, proteoglycans,
6. Then – vascular neoplasm, in the central
section – necrosis, hemorrhage, sclerosis,
hyalinosis, deposits of calcium salts.

6. MACROSCOPIC
STAGES:
1) Fat stripes and spots –
• yellow color in the intima of the vessels,
• Do not rise above the surface
• Do not impede blood flow – a reversible stage.
2) Fibrous plaques
• Dense, yellowish-white rounded, towering formations
that give intima a bumpy appearance.
• Narrow the lumen of the vessel (stenosis).
3) Complicated lesions
- hemorrhages, necrosis, ulceration, thrombosis,
thromboembolism, embolism with atheromatous masses,
aneurysm, rupture - bleeding.
Pic credit - Umesh

7. CONTINUE...
4) Calcification
• Plaque of rocky density,
• A blood vessel is cut with a crunch,
• Does not unfold,
• Brittle.

8. MICROSCOPIC STAGES:
1) Dolipid
• it is a mucoid swelling.
• Mucoid edema contributes to the fixation of
low and very low density lipoproteins,
proteins, cholesterol.
2) Lipoidosis
• corresponds to the macroscopic stage of
strips and spots.
• Sudan stains 3.
3) Liposclerosis
• fibroblasts and xanthoma cells produce
elements of connective tissue,
• corresponds to the macroscopic stage of fibrous
plaques.

9. CONTINUE...
4) Ateromatosis
• Hyalinosis in the plaque + decay of fat-protein complexes
and fibers
• A cavity appears in the wall of the blood vessel filled
with detritus,
• Which corresponds to the beginning of the macroscopic
stage of complicated lesions.
5) Ulceration - destruction of the plaque tire,
rejection of intimacy
6) Atherocalcinosis –
• in the wall of the deposition of calcium salts (von
Kossa stain),
• corresponds to the macroscopic stage of
calcification.

10. THANKYOU