The Internet, like all technologies, does not produce effects by itself. Yet, it has specific effects in altering the capacity of the communication system to be organized around flows that are interactive, multimodal, asynchronous or synchronous, global or local, and from many to many, from people to people, from people to objects, and from objects to objects, increasingly relying on the semantic web.

1. COMPUTER AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES

2. • Nature of Computer technology and Internet technology has changed a
lot in the past 10 years and will change a lot in the next 10 years
• Most of you in 1991 had not even heard of Internet, World-Wide Web,
Networks, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), Windows NT, Linux
• These are all now part of Computer Technology and Internet technology

3. • What will we be talking about in 2011?
• What new Computer and Internet Technology is being developed that
will be commonplace in a few years?
• Some things seem promising, but may become equivalent of Betamax
and 8-track tapes
• Look at some areas of Computer and Internet Technology development

4. NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY
Power-Line Networking
Way to connect
computers in home
or office using
electrical wiring

5. • More convenient than phone lines
• Connect computer to network through the
outlet that provides power
• Data travels through electrical wiring
• Requires no new wiring and adds no cost to
electric bill
• Power-line networking is inexpensive method
for connecting computers in different places in
home or office
Power-Line Networking

6. WIRELESS NETWORKING
• Creates network by sending infrared or radio
signals between computers
• Better than Power-line networking; some
computers are not “plugged in” to electrical
outlet
• Laptop with wireless network card is completely
portable throughout home or office
• IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) is standard for
devices to communicate using infrared light
pulses

7. WIRELESS NETWORKING
• Infrared devices must be in direct line of
sight with each other (like TV remote…
which uses same infrared technology)
• Infrared is almost always “one to one”
technology
• Radio signals better because no line of
sight requirement and ability to broadcast
to multiple recipients

8. BLUETOOTH
• Bluetooth is new standard being developed
by a group of electronics manufacturers
• Will allow any sort of electronic equipment to
communicate with each other
• Can be used among computers, keyboard,
mouse, printer, headphone, cell phone
• Bluetooth-like radio communications should
take place of wires or infrared signals for
connecting devices

9. BLUETOOTH
• Very small radio module to be built into
each device
• Wireless: No need for cables or cords to
any device

10. BLUETOOTH
• Inexpensive: Should add only about $5-10
to price of product
• Simple: Devices find one another and strike
up conversation without any work on your
part
• Why is it called Bluetooth?
• Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark
around the turn of the last millenium
• He united Denmark and part of Norway
into a single kingdom

11. AIRBORNE INTERNET
• Satellite Internet access already commonplace
• Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles
above Earth
• Imagine airplane-like device at approximately
60,000 feet
• Aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement
weather and will be flying well above
commercial air traffic

12. AIRBORNE INTERNET

13. AIRBORNE INTERNET
• All satellite benefits without some of the
problems
• Consumers would get connections
comparable to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• High-speed wireless Internet connection by
placing aircraft in fixed pattern over city
• Could be lightweight planes (possibly
unmanned) or blimps

14. AIRBORNE INTERNET
• Airborne Internet will function much like
satellite-based Internet access, but without
time delay
• Cost advantage over satellites – aircraft can
be deployed easily – do not have to be
launched into space
• Airborne Internet could even complement
satellite and ground-based networks, not
replace them

15. IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
• Impact: Possibility of constant connection to
network anywhere, any time
• Benefit: Ease of connecting all computers
and related devices
• Challenges:
How to make most efficient use of the
computing power, software, and tools
always available
How to build the most useful software
and tools

16. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
• Access over the Internet to applications
and services that would otherwise have to
be located on one’s own personal computer
• Email, text editor, financial modeling
software, Computer Aided Design (CAD)
software, simulation software,…..
Application Service Provider
(ASP)

17. STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER
(SSP)
• Centralized data storage, which
will increase efficiency and ease of
access to information, as well as
synchronization of information
among users and machines
• Wherever you are, that is your
computer!

18. THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
About 120 universities and 25 corporate
sponsors are working on better Internet
infrastructure “Internet 2”

19. THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET
• Larger bandwidth
• Faster speeds
• Better reliability
• Better security
• Better compression techniques (smaller files to
be transmitted)
• Caching – leaving copies around closer to the
point of need
• All developments will eventually become part
of standard internet

20. INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6 (IPV6)
Today’s Internet uses
Internet Protocol
Version 4 (IPv4) –
approximately 20
years old
Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6)
(also called IPng)
will eventually
replace IPv4

21. INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6 (IPV6)
• IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as
limited number of available IPv4 addresses
• IPv6 goes from 32 to 128 bits per address
• If whole Earth was a beach, more than enough IP
addresses for every grain of sand ... hope that will
be enough
• IPv6 also routes messages better, auto-configures
for missing computers, and includes security
components for encryption and authentication

22. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS,
EXPERT SYSTEMS
If Internet becomes repository of all
knowledge, how best to use it?
Decision Support
Systems (DSS) access
data, sophisticated
analytical models,
user-friendly interfaces

23. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS,
EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Can make repetitive, routine decisions with known
algorithms
• Can provide alternatives and possible outcomes
for more elaborate decisions
• Expert Systems (ES) capture decision-making
rules used by experts
• Interaction with human user and available data
evolved toward decision
• Neural networks can imitate DSS and ES and
learn to make decisions

24. IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
• Impact: Internet will provide fast access to
enormous amount of information and tools for using
that information
• Benefit: Immediate access for all kinds of
information in a variety of formats (text, sound,
image, video)
• Ability to make decisions based on “all” available
information… not just subset
• Decision tools that represent best wisdom of all experts
• Challenge: How to sift through enormous quantity
of information and tools available to decide what to
use in any given situation

25. CONSUMER COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY
• Researchers have recently made breakthroughs in
developing displays out of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
• Thin, flexible, rugged plastic that you can bend, roll
up, fold, or form into practically any shape
Plastic Displays

26. PLASTIC DISPLAYS
• Mass production of plastic displays is
approximately five years away
• Applications could include notebook and
desktop displays, hand-held appliances
• Also, wearable displays sewn into clothing,
and paper thin electronic books and
newspapers

27. ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
• Developed at
Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center
(PARC), electronic
paper is new kind
of display
• Somewhere
between paper
and conventional
computer screen

28. ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
• Like paper, it is thin, lightweight, and flexible
• Like computer display, it is dynamic and rewritable
• Wide range of potential applications, including:
• Electronic paper newspapers offering breaking news,
incoming sports scores, and up to the minute stock
quotes, even as paper is being read
• Electronic paper magazines that continually update with
breaking information and make use of animated images
or movie pictures
• Electronic paper textbooks, which could be updated as
technology changes

29. ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
• Electronic paper utilizes new display technology
called gyricon
• A gyricon sheet is thin layer of transparent plastic in
which millions of small beads, like toner particles, are
randomly dispersed
• Beads are bichromal, with hemispheres of contrasting
color
• Under influence of voltage applied to surface of sheet,
beads rotate to present one colored side or the other to
the viewer
• Image will persist until new voltage patterns are applied
to create new images

30. POWER PAPER
• Computers and other electronic devices becoming
thinner and thinner
• Soon laptop computer could be as thin as a sheet
of paper
• Power supplies must slim down as well
• Power Paper, an Israel-based company, has
developed paper-thin battery technology

31. POWER PAPER
• Power electronic devices, games, greeting
cards, smart cards, luggage tags, medical
devices
• Imagine smart tickets to sporting events to
avoid counterfeiting and give directions to seat
• Could be very useful in computerized clothing
and wearable computers
• Power Paper cell will be one-half millimeter
thick, and will generate 1.5 volts

32. PRINTABLE COMPUTERS
Researchers
developing ink-
based, plastic
processor

33. PRINTABLE COMPUTERS
• Printable computer components not designed
to replace silicon (about 100 times slower)
• Plastic offers some benefits over silicon
• Silicon is rigid, while plastic chips are flexible
• Will lead to simple computers to give
intelligence to everyday objects
• Could be integrated into clothes, food labels,
simple appliances, toys

34. WEARABLE COMPUTERS
• Obvious applications like
hearing aids with sound
enhancement software
• “Glasses” with multi-
informational display
about what is being seen,
where you are
• Wrist computers, PDAs,
cell phones
• Next step is computerized clothing
• Including computers in standard clothing items
like shoes, pants, shirts, jackets, belts…even
underwear

35. WEARABLE COMPUTERS
Uses include….
• Health related – monitor blood pressure, pulse
rate, blood sugar, useful for life threatening
conditions that need continual monitoring
• Navigation – directions, maps, airline
information, restaurant and hotel information
• Safety and security – connections to police,
fire, medical, auto towing and repair
• Entertainment – music, news, video, sporting
events

36. WEARABLE COMPUTERS
• Some of these devices already making their way
into consumer market
• Working to integrate computers and related
devices directly into clothing, so that they are
virtually invisible
• Interaction via sensors, all fabric keypads,
speakers, voice recognition receivers, thin light-
emitting diode (LED) monitors, flat screen
(plastic) displays, holographic projectors
• Another step in making computers and devices
portable without having to carry and manipulate
plethora of gadgets

37. COMPUTERS IN EVERY
IMAGINABLE ITEM
• Appliances – Home security,
heating/air conditioning, refrigerator,
oven, dishwasher, lighting system,
entertainment systems, washer,
dryer, garage door opener, “watering”
systems
• Vehicles – cars, bicycles, lawn
mowers, snow blowers, chain saws

38. VOICE RECOGNITION
• Many of above will operate via voice
commands
• Next 3-5 years will bring major advances in
speech recognition
• Voice is converted into phonemes (basic
elements of speech)
• English language has approximately 50 phonemes

39. VOICE RECOGNITION
• Phonemes compared to dictionary of words
stored via phonemes
• Words then translated into computer commands like
“Display nearest gas station?”
• Limited vocabulary systems and systems trained to
particular person’s speech will be very fast and
precise
• Voice recognition requires tremendous storage
and processing power – no problem

40. IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
• Impact: Every conceivable device can have
computer embedded in it
• Benefit: Any mundane activity (like
monitoring supply of food in refrigerator) or
complex activity (like amplifying only specific
sound frequencies in hearing aid) can be done
by computer
• Challenge: How to design most useful cadre
of consumer computers to aid without
overwhelming us humans

41. COMPUTER PROCESSORS AND
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
• Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) has
potential to store more data, access data faster,
use less power than current memory technologies
• Could eliminate computer “boot up” sequence
• Today’s memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM) needs to
be supplied with constant current to store bits of
data
Magnetic Ram

42. MAGNETIC RAM
• If current turned off, everything has to
be stored again
• In MRAM, small amount of electricity
needed only to switch polarity (1 or 0) of
each memory cell on the chip…not to
maintain that value

43. HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES
CDs, DVDs, and magnetic storage all store bits
of information on the surface of a recording
medium
To increase storage capabilities, new optical
storage method, called holographic memory,
will go beneath the surface and use volume of
recording medium for storage
Could offer more storage in same space

44. EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET
LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
• Current silicon technology used to make
microprocessors will begin to reach its
limit around 2005
• Other technologies necessary to cram
more transistors onto silicon to create
more powerful chips
• Extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) –
way to extend life of silicon at least until
the end of the decade

45. EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET
LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
• Using extreme-ultraviolet light to carve
transistors in silicon wafers will lead to
microprocessors as much as 100 times faster
than today’s most powerful chips
• Memory chips with similar increases in storage
capacity

46. DNA COMPUTERS
• Microprocessors made of
silicon will eventually reach
their limits of speed and
miniaturization
• Chip makers need new material to produce faster
computing speeds
• Millions of natural supercomputers exist in living
organisms
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules have potential to
perform calculations many times faster than the world’s
most powerful human-built supercomputers

47. DNA COMPUTERS
• DNA might one day be integrated on a
computer chip to create a so-called biochip
that will push computers even faster
• DNA molecules have already been harnessed
to perform complex mathematical problems
• Large supply of DNA makes it a cheap
resource
• DNA’s key advantage is that it will make
computers smaller, while holding more data,
than any computer that has come before

48. DNA COMPUTERS
• One pound of DNA has the capacity to store
more information than all electronic computers
ever built
• Teardrop-sized DNA computer will be more
powerful than world’s current most powerful
supercomputer
• Unlike conventional “linear” computers, DNA
computers perform calculations in parallel

49. IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?
• Impact: Computers will be smaller, faster,
quicker with enormous amounts of storage
capacity
• Benefit: Any imaginable task can be
programmed to be executed in “real time” (like
monitoring aspects of nuclear reactor)
• Challenge: What is the most cost-effective use
of these technologies?
How can we keep the “smaller, faster,
quicker” development going?

50. SOME “FAR OUT” POTENTIAL
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
• Research on computer
use for vision-impaired
leading to touch screens
with digitally-controlled
raised surfaces
• Digital Scent Synthesizer
The Forgotten Senses
(Touch, Smell, Taste)

51. THE FORGOTTEN SENSES
(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)
• Indexed thousands of smells based on chemical
structure and place on scent spectrum
• Each scent is coded and digitized into small file
• Digital file is embedded in Web content or email
(much like image file)
• User may request scent or may be unleashed
automatically
• Create thousands of everyday scents with small
cartridge containing 128 primary odors
• Similar research going on in digital taste synthesis

52. ROBOTICS
• Because of advances in processors, memory,
decision support systems, expert systems,
sensors….
• Today’s crude robots will become “thinking”
machines, capable of behavior that mimics
reason, emotion, common sense, speech,
vision, locomotion