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1. Name#Mukhdoma jaffary
roll# 23011760-016
topic# PAGE
presented to : Dr Muddassar hussain

2. PAGE:
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique
widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry,
genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to
separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or
nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic
mobility.

3. Principle :

4. Protocol:
1. Sample preparation:
 Protein samples are denatured by heating them with a
detergent SDS and mercaptoethanol.
 The former binds strongly to the proteins and gives
them a high negative charge
 This helps the resolution of proteins strictly based on
their size during gel electrophoresis.

5. Mechanism:

6. 2. Gel preparation:

7. 3. Electrophoresis:
 As an electric current is applied proteins migrate
through the gel to the positive electrode as they have
a negative charge.
 Each molecule moves at a different rate based on its
molecular weight
 After a few hours, the protein molecules are all
separated by size.

8. 4. Staining and visualization:
the gel can be stained using colored dyes such as
 Coomassie Brilliant Blue or ethidium bromide
 bromophenol blue along with the protein sample

9. Applications:
SDS-PAGE has many applications. It is mostly used for
following purposes:
1. Establishing protein size
2. Protein identification
3. Determining sample purity
4. Identifying disulfide bonds
5. Quantifying proteins
6. Blotting applications