Muhammed Fuad Rashid Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya Universiy Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 2020

1. Erbil Polytechnic University
Koya Technical Institute
Dep. Of Oil Technology
Control and Operation
Name of Experiment:
Impact of water Jet
Supervised by: Karwan Abubakr
Name: Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Group: A
Date of Exp.:23/11/2017
Date of submission: 11/1/2018
Name of laboratory: Fluid Mechanic Lab

2. Title Page number
Objective 3
Introduction 3
procedure 4
Apparatus 5
Calculation 6
Discussion 7-8
Reference 8

3. bjective:O
To calculate the force produced by a jet of water as it impacts a
surface and to compare this to the theoretical values.
Introduction
The apparatus consists of a chamber provided with Perspex
walls on two opposite faces. A floating vane fixing rod is
provided over the chamber to which the vane is fixed. An initial
balance weight is provided for balancing the mass of the vane.
Another sliding weight is provided to balance the vane fixing red
when the jet strikes the vane.
A nozzle is fixed below the vane through which a vertical jet
issues. Water in sump tank is supplied to nozzle by a circulating
pump. A control valve provided controls the pressure at the jet
and hence the flow rate and velocity of the jet.
Two different types of vanes, flat and hemispherical, are
provided, giving the jet deflection of 90° and 180° respectively.
The vanes can be interchangeably fixed to the rod.
By adjusting the sliding weight, rod is balanced when the jet is
striking the vane. By taking the moment about the fulcrum,
impact force on the vane can be calculated. Nozzles of diameter
6 mm and 8 mm are provided.

4. Procedure:
1. Fix the Flat Vane to the fixing rod. Fix the nozzle (diameter,
10mm) 1n Perspex box at center by opening the window provided
on the right side of the box. Close the top and side windows.
2. Adjust the balance weight marked ‘B’ (left hand side) by using
thumbwheel knob provided, so that vane fixing rod is in
horizontal position and the pointers are matching. Lock the
balance weight.
3. Add sliding weight (0.6 kg) at L=30 cm of fixing rod. Tighten
the sliding weight.
4. Fully men the bypass valve.
5. Start the pump. Wait under water is pumped into the sump tank.
6. Slowly close bypass valve. The water jet will strike the vane.
7. Vane fixing rod disturbed. Try to balance the fixing rod
horizontally to red line by adjusting water-jet impact thru open-
close the bypass valve.
8. Wait until the condition is stable.
9. Close the discharge valve of measuring tank
Turn the swiveling joint pipe towards the measuring tank.
So that water collects in the measuring tank, start stop-watch
At 0 liter level and
Measure time required for 10 lit.
Record all our data 1n Table Observation (Reading).
10. Repeat the procedure 1 to 9 using Hemispherical Vane with
10 mm nozzle. Record
Your data in table reading.
11. End of ex experiment.

5. Apparatus: -
Fig 11.1 shows the arrangement, in which water supplied from the
Hydraulic Bench is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered
nozzle. This produces a jet of water which impinges on a vane, in
the form of a flat plate or a hemispherical cup. The nozzle and
vane are contained within a transparent cylinder, and at the base
of the cylinder there is an outlet from which the flow is directed
to the measuring tank of the bench. As indicated in Fig 11.1, the
vane is supported by a lever which carries a jockey weight, and
which is restrained by a light spring. The lever may be set to a
balanced position (as indicated by a tally supported from it) by
placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and then adjusting
the knurled nut above the spring. Any force generated by impact
of the jet on the vane may now be measured by moving the jockey
weight along the lever until the tally shows that it has been
restored to its original balanced position.

6. Calculation: -
A=0.000079 m2
volume=10L→0.01m3
ρ=1000kg/m3
g=9.81m/s2
m=0.6kg
No.1/ t=15.67s L=17mm
Q=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
→
0.01
15.67
= 0.000638 m3
/s
V=
𝑸
𝑨
→
0.000638
0.000079
= 8.078001 m/s2
Fexp=
𝒎×𝑳
𝟏𝟓𝟎
→
𝟎.𝟔×𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 0.068kg
FHV=
𝝆𝑨𝑽 𝟐
𝒈
→
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗×𝟖.𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟐
𝟗.𝟖𝟏
=1.050983515 kg
% Error= (
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄−𝑭 𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎→(
𝟏.𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟓−𝟎.𝟔𝟖
𝟏.𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟓
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = %93.52987
No.2/ t=14.4s L=28mm
Q=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
→
0.01
14.06
= 0.000694 m3
/s
V=
𝑸
𝑨
→
0.000694
0.000079
= 8.790436 m/s2
Fexp=
𝒎×𝑳
𝟏𝟓𝟎
→
𝟎.𝟔×𝟐𝟖
𝟏𝟓𝟎
=0.112 kg
FHV=
𝝆𝑨𝑽 𝟐
𝒈
→
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗×𝟖.𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝟐
𝟗.𝟖𝟏
= 1.244540153 kg
% Error=(
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄−𝑭 𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎→(
𝟏.𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑 −𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝟏.𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = %91.00069
No.3/ t=13.53s L=40mm
Q=
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
→
0.01
13.52
= 0.000739 m3
/s
V=
𝑸
𝑨
→
0.000739
0.000079
= 9.362595 m/s2
Fexp=
𝒎×𝑳
𝟏𝟓𝟎
→
𝟎.𝟔×𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 0.16 kg
FHV=
𝝆𝑨𝑽 𝟐
𝒈
→
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗×𝟗.𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟓 𝟐
𝟗.𝟖𝟏
= 1.409737667 kg
% Error=(
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄−𝑭 𝒆𝒙𝒑
𝑭 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒄
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎→(
𝟏.𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕 −𝟎.𝟏𝟔
𝟏.𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟕
) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = %88.65037

7. Table of Calculating:
No.
Nozzle
Diameter
(mm)
Cross
Sectional
Area
(m2)
Discharge
Flow
rate,
Q
(m3/sec)
Velocity
Of Jet,
V
(m/sec)
Experimental
Force,
Fexp
(kg)
Practical
Force,
Fprac
(kg)
%
error
1 10 0.000079 0.000638 8.078001 0.068 1.050983515 93.52987
2 10 0.000079 0.000694 8.790436 0.112 1.244540153 91.00069
3 10 0.000079 0.000739 9.355675 0.16 1.409737667 88.65037
Discussion: -
1. Q/ briefly summarize the key results of each experiment.
A/ by increasing a distance of sliding weight, the time and flow
rate increases too. And higher water jet Velocity will produce a
higher force exerted onto the target vane. The amount of weight
can be supported indicate the force produced on the vane but the
more forces are needed to lift the slide weight.
2.Q/ Explain the significance of your findings.
A/we need Cross Sectional Area and discharge to calculate
velocity of jet .because we find by using velocity and density
and gravity and area.
3. Explain any unusual difficulties or problems which may have
led to poor results.
A/ there are many reasons and source of errors such as recording
the reading on the scale corresponding to the groove on the
jockey weight, starting timer and adding weights when beam
moves to horizontal and stopping timer when beam moves to
horizontal again.

8. 4. Q/Offer suggestions for how the experimental procedure or
design could be improved.
A/I admire in the installation of this apparatus, it’s crucial to make sure
the placement of the nozzle head is at the center under the vane. The
displacement of it causing a loss in water velocity due to splashing by
the rebound water. If the vane and the nozzle shaft are placed in series
and centered, there will be no water rebound as jet water exerted will be
deflected to flow along the surface to the surrounding shield when it hits
the target vane. Due to this displacement also, it will cause an uneven
force impact on the target vane hence decreasing the reaction force
produced on the vane.
5. Q/Compare your experimental values with theoretical values
given.
A/there's a difference between theoretical and experimental
values ,it's just because we didn't record the readings hence some
reasons as I mentioned in previous answers.
Reference:
Teacher's lecture paper sheet
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