IC Engine Final lab report

1. NAME:
MUHAMMAD AWAIS
ROLL NUMBER:
17093386-081
SUBJECT:
IC ENGINE (LAB)
DEPARTMENT:
MECHANICAL TECHNNOLOGY
TOPIC:
FINAL LAB REPORT
SEMESTER:
6TH
SUBMITED BY:
Muhammad Awais
17093386-081
SUBMITED TO:
ENGR ALIRAZA
UOG

2. Lab Report 01
OBJECTIVE
To study the two stroke spark ignition (SI) engine.
INTRODUCTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE: I the two stroke SI engine in which SI engine mixture of air and
fuel is fall down the engine cylinder and Ignition of fuel is by using a spark plug. The spark plug
produces a spark of fire and ignites the air and fuel mixture and explosion is done and heat is
emit and causes of high pressure due to burning of gas and high pressure exerted high force to
a piston and piston move to the cylinder and movement of piston is transmit power to a
crankshaft and crankshaft is rotate by a connecting rod so that the crankshaft rotates and turns a
flywheel and by this power is generated.
CYCLE OF ENGINE: SI engine have two stroke and 180 degree of crankshaft and it is
working on Otto cycle and two stroke SI engine in which the suction compression expansion in
first stroke and exhaust takes place in the second stroke. It means that there is one working stroke
after every revolution of the crank shaft. Two stroke SI engine rotate only one revolution of
crank shaft. Or two stroke SI engine complete a power cycle in two stroke of piston during only
one crank shaft revolution.
DESIGN PARAMETER EFFICENCY
Volumetric Efficiency
volumetric efficiency is ability of the engine. And volumetric efficiency is amount of air intake
to the rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
Air-Fuel Ratio
The proportions of the air is expressed in the terms of air-fuel ratio. In spark Ignition Engines,
the Air-Fuel ratio will be the same for most of the operations and load need to be increased, then
the fuel amount will be increased directly in the cylinder.
Other Important Parameter

3. Important parameter for IC engine
1. Power at a rated speed of --- rpm
2. Stroke of the engine
3. Cylinder position
4. Number of cylinders
TYPES
1. Two stroke SI engine
Two stroke engines operate on the same principles as a four
stroke engine. Intake Fuel mixture is drawn into crankcase
during upstroke. Compression mixture is compressed in the
crankcase during down stroke and again during upstroke
before combustion. Combustion fuel is recompressed and
ignited in cylinder during upstroke. Exhaust- burned mixture is forced out by fresh mixture being
forced in during down stroke. Piston fires once every revolution. No traditional valves like a
four-stroke.
2. Four stroke SI engine
Cycle of operation completed in four strokes of the piston or two revolution of the piston.
Stroke 1: Fuel-air mixture introduced into cylinder
through intake valve.
Stroke 2: Fuel-air mixture compressed.
Stroke 3: Combustion (constant volume) occurs and
product gases expand doing work.
Stroke 4: Product gases pushed out of the cylinder
through the exhaust valve.

4. PARTS OF TWO STROKE SI ENGINE.
1. Cylinder
It is a part of the engine which confines the expanding gases and forms
the combustion space. It is the basic part of the engine. It provides space
in which piston operates to suck the air or air-fuel mixture. The piston
compresses the charge and the gas is allowed to expand in the cylinder
transmitting power for useful work. Cylinders are usually made of high
grade cast iron.
2. Cylinder head
The top end of the cylinder is covered by cylinder head over which inlet and exhaust valve spark
plug or injectors are mounted. A copper or asbestos gasket is provided between the engine
cylinder and cylinder head to make an air tight joint.
3. Piston
Transmit the force exerted by the burning of charge to the connecting rod. Usually made of
aluminum alloy which has good heat conducting property and greater strength at higher
temperature.
4. Connecting rod
It is special type of rod one end of which is attached to the piston and the other end to the
crankshaft. It transmits the power of combustion to the crankshaft and makes it rotate
continuously. It is usually made of drop forged steel.
5. Crankshaft
It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion with the help of
connecting rod. The special steel alloys are used for the manufacturing of the crankshaft. It
consists of eccentric portion called crank.

5. 6. Flywheel
It is big wheel mounted on the crankshaft whose function is to maintain its speed constant. It is
done by storing excess energy during the power stroke which is returned during other stroke.
DISCUSSION
Which one better two or four stroke SI engine and why?
Two stroke SI engine is better than four stroke SI engine because in two stroke engine have more
power stroke due to per single revolution as compare to four stroke engine and four stroke engine
power stroke per two revolution of crankshaft.Two stroke engine low working temperature and
low friction losses.
Which engine give more power stroke two or four stroke engine?
Two stroke engine provide more power stroke because it single revolution of crankshaft.
Fuel and Efficiency?
Two stroke engine are less efficient and generate more smoke and less thermal efficiency but in
four stroke engine more efficient and generate less smoke. It has high thermal efficiency. In four
stroke engine volumetric efficiency is more due to more time for induction as compare two
stroke engine. Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous mixture in the suction stroke. Carburetor used
to provide the mixture. Use of spark plug for ignition system.
CONCLUSION
In the study of two stroke spark ignition (SI) engine we discuss the two stroke engine in detail
and discuss the working principle cycle of working design parameters types of SI engine and
parts of two stroke SI engine and also discuss the efficiency of SI engine. After the study
compare two stroke SI engine with four stroke SI engine but two stroke engine is less efficient
but theoretically two stroke SI efficient cause of light weight and less maintenance and
manufacturing cost. We observe two stroke SI engine is better than four stroke SI engine and
discuss the thermal and volumetric efficiency of both engines and compare.

6. Lab report 2
Objective:-
To Study of Four stroke SI Engine
Introduction:-
Working Principle:-
In four stroke S.I engine the complete operation is done in four stroke in this each stroke has
180° of crankshaft rotation and this four stroke is completed by 720° of crank rotation.
Intake stroke:
In this stroke start when piston is at TDC and move towards BCD. In this the inlet valve is open
and exhaust valve is closed. By the suction formed in the cylinder the fuel air mixture is drawn in
the downward motion of piston. when piston reaches BDC the suction stroke end and inlet valve
is closed.
Compression Stroke
When the piston moves to TDC upwards the compression starts and by return stroke the charge
is compressed in the cylinder. In this stroke both inlet and exhaust valve are closed, the chemical
energy is converted in to heat energy during the combustion of fuel, and the pressure is also
increased.
Expansion
Due to high pressure of burnt gases the piston moves towards the BDC. Both inlet and exhaust
valves are closed in this stroke. Pressure and temperature is increased in this power stroke.
Exhaust Stroke.
The inlet valve is remains closed and exhaust valve is opened due to which pressure of burnt
gases reduced to atm level, at the end of the expansion stroke . The remaining burnt gases are
forced out of the cylinder. as the piston moves towards to TDC.

7. Cycle of Engine:-
A four-stroke spark-ignition engine is an Otto cycle engine. It consists of following four strokes:
suction or intake stroke , compression stroke , expansion or power stroke , exhaust stroke . Each
stroke consists of 180 degree rotation of crankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is
completed through 720 degree of crank rotation. The engine in which the cycle of operations is
completed in two revolutions (720º) of the crank shaft or four strokes of the piston.
Design parameter:-
Volumetric Efficiency
volumetric efficiency is ability of the engine. And this is one of the important performance
parameters for the engines. And volumetric efficiency is amount of air intake to the rate at which
the volume is displaced by the system.
Air-Fuel Ratio
The proportions of the air with the fuel play a crucial role in the performance of the engine. This
is expressed in the terms of air-fuel ratio. In spark Ignition Engines, the Air-Fuel ratio will be the
same for most of the operations. But in the Compression engines where the fuel is entered
separately with the help of the fuel injectors, so that if the load need to be increased, then the fuel
amount will be increased directly in the cylinder.
Calorific Value (CV) of the Fuel
The calorific value of the fuel is defined as the amount of thermal energy released per unit
quantity of fuel when it is burned completely.
Injection Molding
If you are using a data acquisition system, then you can as well record cylinder pressure and
temperature variations in relation to the crank angle. If you are testing a diesel engine then you
might as well record injection timing and injection duration, needle lift diagram, fuel line

8. pressure, delay period. All these will give you a deeper understanding of the performance of the
engine at different conditions of testing.
Other Important Parameter
Important parameter for IC engine benchmarking
1. Power at a rated speed of --- rpm
2. Stroke of the engine
3. Cylinder position
4. Number of cylinders
5. Brake specific fuel consumption
7. Brake mean effective pressure
8. Engine tongue
9. Fuel injection system if it a diesel engine
12. Peak pressure
13. Maximum rate of pressure rise
14. Time of occurrence of maximum rate of pressure rise.
Types: -
There are two type of spark ignetination engine
1-Two Stroke Ignition engine
2-Four Stroke Ignition engine

9. Part: -
Cylinder: It is a part of the engine which confines the expanding gases and forms the
combustion space. It is the basic part of the engine. It provides space in which piston operates to
suck the air or air-fuel mixture. The piston compresses the charge and the gas is allowed to
expand in the cylinder, transmitting power for useful work. Cylinders are usually made of high
grade cast iron.
Cylinder block: It is the solid casting body which includes the cylinder and water jackets
(cooling fins in the air cooled engines).
Cylinder head: It is a detachable portion of an engine which covers the cylinder and includes
the combustion chamber, spark plugs or injector and valves.
Cylinder liner or sleeve: It is a cylindrical lining either wet or dry type which is inserted in the
cylinder block in which the piston slides.
Piston: It is a cylindrical part closed at one end which maintains a close sliding fit in the engine
cylinder. It is connected to the connecting rod by a piston pin. The force of the expanding gases
against the closed end of the piston, forces the piston down in the cylinder. This causes the
connecting rod to rotate the crankshaft Cast iron is chosen due to its high compressive strength.
Aluminum and its alloys preferred mainly due to it lightness.
DISCUSSION
Which one better two or four stroke SI engine and why?
Two stroke SI engine is better than four stroke SI engine because in two stroke engine the power
stroke obtain per single revolution as compare four stroke engine.in four stroke engine power
stroke per two revolution of crankshaft. More power weight ratio as compare four stroke engine.
Two stroke engine low working temperature and low friction losses. Less manufacturing and
maintenance cost as compare four stroke engine. Two stroke engine generate high torque as
compare to four stroke.

10. Which engine give more power stroke two or four stroke engine?
Two stroke engine provide more power stroke because it produce power stroke in one revolution
of crankshaft. But in four stroke engine power stroke per two revolution of crankshaft.
Fuel and Efficiency?
Two stroke engine are less efficient and generate more smoke. It has less thermal efficiency but
in four stroke engine more efficient and generate less smoke. It has high thermal efficiency. In
four stroke engine volumetric efficiency is more due to more time for induction as compare two
stroke engine. SI engines Working cycle is Otto cycle for both four stroke and two stroke. Petrol
gasoline and high octane fuel is use in SI engines. Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous mixture
in the suction stroke. Carburetor used to provide the mixture. Throttle controls the quantity of
mixture introduced. Use of spark plug for ignition system. Compression ratio is 6 to 10.5.
CONCLUSION
In the study of two stroke spark ignition (SI) engine we discuss the two stroke engine in detail
and discuss the working principle cycle of working design parameters and types of SI engine and
parts of Four stroke SI engine and also discuss the efficiency of SI engine. After the study
compare two stroke SI engine with four stroke SI engine but two stroke engine is less efficient
but theoretically two stroke SI power cause of light weight and manufacturing cost. We observe
two stroke SI engine is better than four stroke SI engine and discuss the thermal and volumetric
efficiency of both engines and compare.

11. Lab Report 03
Objective:-
To Study of Rotary Wankel Engine
Introduction:-
A rotary engine is an internal combustion engine For Example engine of car and In this engine,
the same volume of space of the cylinder for intake, compression, combustion and exhaust.
There are four stroke and A rotary engine stroke but in each one happens in its own part of the
housing. It is basically kind of cylinder in which the piston moving continually from one to the
next. The rotary engine is developed by Dr Felix Wankel it is also called a Wankel engine, or
Wankel rotary engine.
Working Principle:-
There are Four stroke in Rotary Wankel Engine Which is
given that The Wankel cycle stroke
which is shown we give color for understand like Intake(blue), Compression (green), Ignition
(red), Exhaust (yellow).
In Intake the Fuel is enter when intake stroke Port is open
and after this the fuel is gone to compression stroke which
compress the fuel it apply pressure Force which compress
the fuel and goes to ignition stroke which produce the fire
by oval and then the exhaust stroke exit the fuel by open
the Outlet port.
In the Wankel engine, the four strokes of like Otto cycle
engine are arranged sequentially in
arrangement around an oval and does not like the reciprocating motion of a piston engine. In the
basic single rotor Wankel engine a single oval is sorrounded housing which is a three-sided rotor
and which is turns and moves within the housing. The sides of the rotor seal against the sides of
the housing and the corners of the rotor seal against the inner periphery of the housing, dividing
it into three combustion chambers.

12. When the rotor is turns and its motion and shape and also the shape of the housing cause that
each side of the rotor to get close and More close from the wall of the housing and like "stroke”
in a reciprocating engine. In this one half power stroke on per revolution per cylinder and each
combustion chamber of each rotor in the Wankel engine generates one combustion “stroke” per
revolution and three power strokes per rotor revolution.
Cycle of Engine:-
There are cycle of Rotary Wankel Engine and this is like Otto cycle
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Design parameter:-
There are Design parameter of Rotary Wankel Engine
Variable Volume
Types:-
There are Types of Rotary Wankel Engine
Fuel injections type rotary engine
Stratified Charge type rotary engine
Supper Charge type rotary engine
Diesel rotary engine
Multi-Rotor type rotary engine

13. Part:-
There are Part of Rotary Wankel Engine
Outlet Port
Inlet Port
Housing
Rotor
Spark plug
Internal timing gear
Fix timing gear
Discussion:-
In the Rotary Wankel Engine we discus the about the rotary Wankel engine that this engine
does not like other engine and this is have four cycle of stroke but the working of cycle is
different then working of cycle of Otto cycle and rotor have irregular suffice which increased the
speed and in this when the rotor is turns and cause of change its motion and shape and also the
shape of the housing that each side of the rotor to get close and More close from the wall of the
housing and this is four cycle are Intake and Compression and Power and Exhaust.we study
about different type of study and also part.this is used in car and automobiles.
Conclusion:-
In the Rotary Wankel Engine which is used for automobile it has a better engine then Otto
engine and it is used in Mazda and car and it is part are different and this is widely used in world
as well industry now the latest car and latest model of car is present due to this engine.

14. Lab Report 04
Q1=What is gas turbine?
Ans=A gas turbine is an combustion turbine and This engine is of type of continuous and
internal combustion engine that which convert natural gas to Mechanical energy and this
mechanical energy into used to drive the generator or big engine which is produced by this
kinetic energy.The part of gas turbine is given
1. combustor
2. Intake
3. Fuel
4. Turbine
5. Exchaust
6. Output Shaft
Q2=Explain its types and working principle?
Ans= Gas turbine of working principle is braton cycle and the fundamental operation of the gas
turbine is a Braton cycle which used Fuel + air as the working fluid and There are cycle of
diagram are given which have
four Cycle.
1. Intake 2.Compression 3.Combustion 4.Exhaust
air flows in the compressor and and the result is to high pressure and after this energy is added
by spraying fuel to air and after this igniting and the combustion generates a high-temperature
flow and after this high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine that which is show by the
combustion where it expands down to the exhaust pressure cause producing a shaft work output
in the process. The turbine shaft work is basically used the to drive the compressor this energy is
used for external work.
Types
1.Jet engine
The Jet engine is a Type of gas turbine this is an axial-flow gas turbine and the diagram of J85
engine and the diagram show that multistage compressor on left and combustion chambers center
and two-stage turbine on right and it is flow from Flow is left to right.jet engines are gas
turbines are produce thrust or force from the exhaust gases, and Jet engines that produce thrust
from the direct impulse of exhaust gases. The jet engine have used to power a turbo pump to
provide the use of lightweight, low-pressure tanks.
2.Aeroderivative gas turbines
The diagram of a high-pressure film-cooled turbine blade is given which is example of
aeroderivative gas turbine and which is used in electrical power generation reason is that it have

15. ability to be shut down and handle the load changes more quickly than industrial machines. They
used in marine industry because to reduce weight.
3.Industrial gas turbines for mechanical drive
Industrial gas turbines is an type of gas turbine which is used for mechanical drive and also used
in collaboration with recovery of steam generator from power generating and it is smaller in size
and have feature a dual shaft design which is opposed to a single shaft.this feature have good and
Normaly the the range of it is from 1MW to 50 MW. Mechanical drive applications or used
increased the efficiency by calculating around 2%.
4.Radial gas turbines
Radial gas turbine is type of gas turbine and it is develop by Jan Mowall in 1963 and this have
mechanism of refinement of this mechanism and it feature have keeps heat away from certain
bearings and the durability of the machine is improved by radial turbine and it is well matched in
speed requirement.
5.Scale jet engines
Scale jet engines are also called miniature gas turbines or micro-jets.because the reason is that it
have mind the pointer of modern Micro-Jets like and Kurt Schreckling produced and give idea of
one of Micro-Turbines and this engine have ability that they can produce up to 22 newtons of
thrust.
6. Microturbines
Microturbine is type of gas turbine and they are evolve from piston engine like turbochargers and
this small jet engines then jet gas turbine and it have refrigerator from 25 to 500 KW.
Microturbines have 15% efficiencies without a recuperator or combustion.
Q3=Which cycles is used in gas turbine?Draw PV and TS diagram of cycle and explain it?
Ans=Gas Turbine have two Cycle
1.Open Cycle gas turbine
2.Close Cycle gas turbine
Open Cycle gas turbine
Open Cycle gas turbine is working on the Joule cycle or Brayton cycle and in this air is
compressed in a rotary compressor and then passed to in combustion chamber where fuel is
provide and then is burnt in exhaust stroke and by this the products of combustion mean high
pressure are made to over rings of turbine blades with high velocity and produced is work and
after this work done by the combustion products are rest for minimum time it could be in second
according to atmosphere.and the 60% work produced is used to drive the compressor and 5%
power output by the motor is used to start the turbine.The PV and TS diagram are given

16. Close Cycle gas turbine
Close Cycle gas turbine is working on fluid air or other gas C,He is circulated continuously
inside the machine and Inside of close cycle gas turbine working fluid does not come in contact
with the atmospheric air or fuel and Inside of close cycle gas turbine exhaust stroke did not and
burning gases are rejected by cooler.
Q4=Derive expression of thermal efficiency of gas turbine.
Ans=Gas-turbines is operate on an open cycle and we can assume
that air-standard assumptions that we replacing the combustion
process by a constant pressure heat addition process and then
replacing exhaust discharge process by constant pressure heat
rejection process
1-2 Isentropic compression (in compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 constant pressure heat rejection
The P-v and T-s diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle are shown.In
Brayton cycle that heat is added to the cycle at a constant pressure
process (process 2-3).
Qin = h3 - h2 = c P(T3 - T2)
While Heat is rejected at a constant pressure process (process 4 -1) as discuss above.
Qout= h4 - h1 = c P(T4 - T1)
Then the thermal efficiency of Braton cycle is under cold of air-standard assume is
Shown,
While Process (1-2) and process (3-4) are isentropic process then

17. According to process P2 = P3 and P4 = P1,
By using above equation in all the relations then the thermal efficiency is
Q5=Explain regeneration , reheating ,and inter-cooling process with mathematical
expressions in gas turbine.
Ans=To improve the turbine performance inter-cooler, heat ex changer and reheat cycles are
used with simple gas turbine cycle.
Regeneration of heat exchange process
Heat addition
Specific work out put
Efficiency
When efficiency increase with increase in pressure ratio.
Reheating process
Increases the specific work out put but the efficiency is decreased.
Heat addition,

18. Turbine work,
Assume that,
Specific work out put,
For maximum specific work out put,
To obtain maximum specific output stage pressure ratio is same and also equal to square root of
overall pressure ratio for two stage expansion,
Then,
Efficiency is minimum because operating range of small temperature.
inter-cooling process
In this process increasing the specific work output of gas turbine because in this reducing the
work of compression and compression is use between inter-cooling and combustion chamber.

19. Compressor work,
Heat addition,
Turbine work
Net work output,
For maximum specific work out put,
Then,
the decrease compressor outlet temperature reason is that fuel flow rate of turbine inlet
temperature increase. That why the thermal efficiency of the inter cooled Cycle is less than of a
simple cycle.
Q6=Sum up all above point in your conclution.
Ans= In the gas turbine we study the gas turbine of difination and its part and working principle
and principle of gas turbine is Braton Cycle and it has four stroke
e.g.Intake,Compression,Combustion and Exhaust.part of gas turbine is
combustor,Intake,Fuel,Turbine,Exchaust,Output Shaft.Basically two cycle are in gas turbine are
open and close gas turbine cycle.mostally open cycle is used because in this proper mechanism
are present and some improvement of gas turbine is Regeneration and reheating and inter-
cooling.we study about PV and TS diagram of gas turbine and also fined thermal efficiency and
In generation discuss and prove efficiency increase with increase in pressure ratio. In Reheating
Increases the specific work out put but the efficiency is decreased and efficiency is minimum
because operating range of small temperature and inter-cooling discuss and prove decrease
compressor outlet temperature reason is that fuel flow rate of turbine inlet temperature increase.

20. Lab Report 05
Direct injection of single cylinder
Diesel Engine is run on diesel cycle of heat
treatment method and it has different part which is
Spark Plug and combustion chamber and inlet
valve and outlet value and cylinder head and
Piston ring and Piston and Gudgeon Pin and Piston
Cylinder and Connecting Rod and Crankshaft and
Crankcase Cylinder and Top dead Centre and
Bottom dead Centre.Both valves are in closed
position. In the Power stroke spark Plug in which
fuel is injected in direct a way it is provide Fuel as
well spark of fire and charge is supplied in
cylinder due to high pressure is supplied and
compressed in upward movement of piston.
Working Principle of Diesel Engine
We take single Cylinder of diesel engine in
observation and we observe that diesel engine
single cylinder has four stroke and it has two
revolution of crank shaft in one circle
(i) Suction stroke (ii) Compression stroke
(iii)Power stroke (iv) Exhaust stroke
(i)Suction stroke
In this suction stroke suction inlet valve opens and
piston is going downward to BDC and air Is enter the
cylinder and exit valve is always close in this suction
stroke. In the cylinder pressure is minimum.
(ii) Compression stroke
In this compression stroke the piston of cylinder is
going moves upward and inlet valve and outlet valve are
always closed and when we add air in suction stroke
inlet valve is closed and air is supplied in the highly
pressure by this reaction piston of cylinder is moved to
upward to TDC.

21. (iii)Power stroke
In the Power stroke fuel is injected by direct a way to use spark plug and inlet valve and outlet
valve is always closed and and also provide the spark and in this stroke and by providing spark
cause the heat generated at high pressure inside the cylinder and cause to move piston to
downward from TDC to BTC and cause movement to Piston Ring to Piston then to Gudgeon pin
to connecting rod and connecting rod moved to power to the crank shaft and then crank shaft
also rotates and by this mechanical work is done by rotating crank shaft.
(iv) Exhaust stroke
In this Exhaust or Exit stroke inlet valve always closed and exit valve is open and in this piston
of cylinder is going upward and all engine of gases are burn in chamber and exit out from
exhaust valve and after this engine will be fresh and we can say that for doing observation that
there is one power stroke which provide the spark and injected fuel and other three stroke are
working stroke and four stroke are very necessary for engine.
Efficiency of diesel engine

22. Maximum Efficiency
(i)In diesel engine in the Exchaust use high oxygen because high oxygen quantity in the diesel
engine react with bio diesel and form diethyl-ether and diethyl-ether is best and good
environment andemmit the NOx.this increased the efficency of diesel engine.
(ii)In diesel engine better the Effieccy of engine by doing minimum brake specific fuel
consumption and In the Combuston chamber 5% of diethyl ether is add to biodiesel-diesel fuel
and In this soybeen is 30% and fuel is used 70% in the cylinder of engine.
(iii)In diesel engine we increase the cetane number and by this effiency is increased normaly
cetene no is 47.
(iv)diethyl ether improve fuel quality in the engine.
Mechanism of heat transfer
Heat transfer in the engine during working cause heat transfer into engine of inside and small
quantity is burn out in the environment through exit valve and in the stroke pressure and
temperature increased the heat produce in the engine.
When heat transfer in the cylinder the loss of fuel is done and other fuel loss is also done 3to 5%
loss is done in the engine by this efficiency is decreased heat transfer is reduce by large the
stroke length which cause the large displacement and apply large load on engine because it use
the all energy or fuel.
Heat transfer in the inlet stroke minimize the efficiency f volumetric area. Cylinder of engine
bear heat losses to the wall of cylinder.
In exhaust temperature heat losses to decrease performance of engine. In- cylinder of engine and
exhaust system of heat impact on catalyst light up.
In the engine heat loss create high temperature in piston and ring, and also oil temperature and It
also create distortion in piston and bore.These also affect to increase friction.
In component design the cylinder of engine operating of critical temperatures which affect that
stress, strain ,internal and external property vary to temperature.
Application
(i)Industrial Diesel Generator
In this diesel engine is re-develop for to increase the efficiency and also performance and it is
use in wide range and the old diesel generator to provide power and backup to diesel engine so
that generator run more time. And modern generator use electrical method that to monitor the
current and power and other terms.

23. (ii)Mining
The diesel generator are used in mining and it is common uses and In the mining heavy
equipment and machines like drilling and crane and modern belt system and many operation in
the mining is done by the diesel generator and diesel generator is used in mining about 70%. It is
used in mine the reason is low volatility so it make safe the people in the mine and also provide
the ultimate Power and have capacity of many operation in the mine.
(iii)Health-care
The diesel generator are used in hospital and it is very important use in medical because they
cure the patient and basically it provide backup to engine and basically in the ICU this generator
is used and it is working 48 hour and operation and medical lab to provide electricity and injured
patients in operation to maintain the quantity of oxygen and deferent size of diesel fuel is kept in
the hospital.
(iv)Oil & Gas
The diesel generator are used in oil refindres and in this area high security is needed because
when oxygen and deferential gas mix and they cause explution and it is use to run machine for
deferent purpose like drilling and loading and un-loading and to lift the oil by pumping and
diesel generator is best for this because this is more effiecnt and relible and produce more power
and torque then machine perform many operation in the oil industry.
(v)Construction
The diesel generator are used in construction because it is used for lighting and mixing of cement
and to run the crane and these like defferent operation and in construction the project has own
vale and some project is under the week and some project has very complex butt it to built
necessary and this is used.
(vi)Manufacturing
The diesel generator are used in manufacturing and used to provide electricity and so used in
operation of product and industry are run by the electricity and this generator is effiecnt then
other generator.in manufacturing industry does not approach minimum volume production and
poor quality production.Manufacturing Industry used electricity of defferent sources.
(vii)Utilities
The diesel generator are used in utilies to maintain the supply of power to house and Factory and
Industries and Power Plant and customer and generator produce electricity and by use this supply
of electricity is provided and maintain and control and it is used is emergence to start the
electricity transform and use of diesel generator have benefit that cusmoter and people and
worker remain happy.
(viii)Education
The diesel generator are used in Education that School and college and Universities and other
high institution use the diesel generator to start server of education and in the universities many
work is done by online method and in any institute electricity is necessary and if light is in
institute and will bear problem like lecture and security machine run on electricity and IT

24. department will problem like security and to safe the student and people and to facilitate the
people who study in institute.
(ix)Military
The diesel generator are used in military and used electricity to strong the IT and use electricity
use in offices and sub-cambus and etc.
Specification
Bore is diameter of the cylinder of engine and bore is direct relation in stroke and
stroke is the linear path of piston from (TDC) to (BDC). stroke is maximum and engine work
more and more. Stroke-bore ratio of length of cylinder is vary to vary but it ratio keep normally
1.25 because it give the maximum work and if we increased the value of this ratio then create
small disturbance in engine.
Swept volume is the volume (A x L) displaced by one stroke of the piston where A is
the cross sectional area of piston and L is the length of stroke.it is keep maximum because in this
area TDC and BDC are present maximum work is done between TDC and BDC.
Compression ratio is ratio of the volume of the cylinder at the start and end of stroke. It is ratio
of cylinder of engine from volume to clearance volume.it give us information of swift and
clearance volume and normally diesel engine ratio of compression is 14:1 to 22:1 and
Carborater of ratio of compression is 4:1 to 8:1. PTO power of diesel engine is 80-85%.
Draw bar horse power measure of draw back of engine which is done when load is provided and
which is 50-55 %.
Can we use direct injection in two stroke engine?
Yes we can use direct injection in diesel engine of two stroke in this have one revolution in
complete the the crankshaft of engine.Suction and comprehend in one stroke and other two in
two stroke and there is no exit valve
Conclusion
In the diesel engine we study its part and working principle and principle of diesel engine is
diesel cycle and it has four stroke e.g.Intake,Compression,Combustion and Exhaust.Working of
stroke and mechanizm of diesel engine and uses of diesel engine in Mining and Military and
Education and Utilties and Health -Care and Construction And Manufacturing and Diesel
Generator as a electricity because all is done present of electricity.Specification of diesel engine
is Bore and Length and Swift Volume and compression ratio and mechanical.

25. Lab Report 06
Optical spark engine
Optical Spark Ignition Engine is modification form of Spark Plug
and it is modern technique use to provide the charge and when
charge is charge present and then engine of stroke is working and
basically four stroke of engine and it could be vary according to
requirement and in this optical lenses is used.
Working Principle
Optical Spark ignition system is a laser transmitter with a optic
fibre cable or wire by battery and lens produce light of beam and
light of beam is small space than current spark plugs and lenses
focus the beam and when fuel is injected into the engine and then
and produce heat to ignite the fuel.
Deference between optical and conventional spark ignition engine
Conventional Spark ignition Engine
The basic difference is to provide spark by conventional method and
this method is spark is provided by electromagnetic induction
high voltage and the systematic method is use the battery to
provide the charge and current and current is pass to ignition coil
then capacter step up transformer and then to distributer then spark
plug produce fire.
Optical Spark Ignition Engine
The Basic difference is to provide the spark by lens of light of
beam to spark plug and optical lens is use to create beam of light
and battery is used to create the light of beam

26. Efficiency of optical spark ignition engine
1.In the Engine to prevent the Auto ignition method and in auto ignition knocking is present and
knocking in up and down of pressure of frequency and engine of pressure and temperature is
change so if we do self ignition better at high pressure and by this speed is and high pressure
cylinder high force and produced high efficiency.
2.In engine pressure increase then pressure and temperature is change like intensity pressure is
200bar is maximum and use safe for 100bar and use safe pressure in engine of stroke and when
stroke pressure is 200bar and use more quantity of fuel and by this temperature of engine of
stroke is increased and this effect reducing the air-fuel ratio and by this Effieccy of engine is
increased.
3.When maximum load is applied to engine and by this requirement of engine of WOT and
speed is increased in compression high pressure and when fuel is inject indirectly and by this
working of engine is maximum and efficiency of engine is maximum.
4.When we done maximum combustion in the engine of cylinder and maximum combustion is
done and by this WOT improve the efficiency of engine because by this reduce the the losses of
engine.
Part of optical and conventional spark ignition engine
Part of optical spark ignition engine
1.Lazer
Lazer produce light of beam by battery like when car start lazer is produce by battery
And light of beam is send to optic fibre
2.Optical Fibre
In optical spark ignition engine signal is send to spark plug when fuel is injected into the engine
and then and produce heat to ignite the fuel.
3.Piston
In this spark plug produce fire when fuel is in the combustion chamber and fuel and air is burn in
the cylinder of engine and produce fire and produce power and piston of cylinder is moved down
mean working of engine start.

27. 4.Cylinder
In the optical spark ignition engine spark plug is produce spark present of mixture of fuel and
air,combustion is done and force is produce and piston move down.
5.Valves
In the optical spark ignition engine when combustion is done and due valve because both valve
are close
Part of conventional spark ignition engine
1. Battery
Battery of best purpose is to provide the current and provide power in small quantity and it is
used in various place like to provide charge to wehicle engine and battery use in house light.
2. Ignition coil
It is basically an coil that to increase the step up transformer and it is work under the
electromagnetic induction and primary coil generate voltage by mean source and this source
produced the current and secondary coil have magnet when current is pass it and it is magnitise
and produce more voltage and current and power.
3. Distributor
In this distributor used to distribute the charge produced by ignition coil
4. Capacitors
In this capacitor is used reduce spark of fuel when contact point is break and it is provide for
engine to prevent the break point because by this engine working slow down and speed and
effiencey is decreased.
5. Spark plugs
In this Spark Plug is simple is used in conventional spark ignition engine and their working is
important the space in spark plug provide charge of current and systematic spark plug is present

28. electrode rod is working to receiver current from secondary coil by distributer and when current
is pass in this then spark plug produced the fire.
Conclution
In this we discuss Modification form of Spark Plug Engine like Optical and Conventional Spark
Ignition Engine and we discuss the working principle of both and optical spark ignition engine in
which spark is done by optical fibre and Conventional spark ignition engine ,there are many way
butt one is use and it is cheap and easy and for this we use battery to provide the current to
contact point and to ignition and to spark plug and we discuss the part of optical spark ignition
engine and conventional spark ignition engine.

29. Lab report 07
Fuel injection system for CI engines
Fuel injector is an device that is responsible for inject
quantity of fuel to engine that a provide air,fuel mixture
in combustion. ECU the fined quantity and timing of
fuel in every cycles by engine sensor.One side of
terminal of injector coil is supplied by 12 volts battery
directly.Battery is control by ECU and the other side
terminal of injector coil is open.
Working Principle
The fuel injectors system is control of Engine by ECU
system.Basically ECU is collect information of engine
condition and requirement using different internal sensors.
fuel is drawn from the fuel tank after this fuel is transport
through the fuel lines and after this pressurized with fuel
pumps and pressure of fuel is check by a fuel pressure
regulator and fuel is divide use of fuel rail for supply of
fuel to cylinders of engine.
Parts
* Pumping element
In this amount of fuel goes to fuel tank engine to the cylinder of engine.
* Metering element
In this amount of fuel is supply and fined the the speed and deferent condition of engine and
working of engine like intake and Exchaust and other.
* Metering control
In this to check speed and load at deferent condition and also adjust it.
* Mixture control
In this to see the amount of fuel is injected and how air is intake and adjust the ratio of fuel and
air in combustion of chamber as according to speed and load condition of engine.
* Distributing element
In this it is used to divide the amount of fuel in the engine to all cylinder equally.
* Timing control
In this time is control and monitor the mixture of fuel and air is burn at
start point and last point the To fix the start and stop of the fuel-air mixing
process.

30. How fuel injection system plays role in power and efficiency
In fuel injection system fuel is supply to engine is by fuel inject system in which have deferent
part pump is used to high comprehend and pressure and nozzle is used to supply fuel to cylinder
of engine to combustion chamber of engine and we adopt this system and in this power and
efficiency is fined when we known about pressure and temperature and diameter and so on by
working engine we can find and power is how work done is done and efficiency mean how
percentage work is done.
Describe different types of fuel injection systems.
 Types of Fuel Injection
1. Top-Feed
In this system fuel is injected from top and working out from bottom.
2. Side-Feed
In this system fuel is injected from side on the injector and injector fit fuel rail.
3. Throttle Body Injectors
In this system fuel is directly injected in throttle body when throttle body injector is open.
 Types of fuel injection system
1. Single-Port
In this system single port type of fuel injection in this air is
injected the engine and it is working according to TBFI (Throttle
Body Fuel Injection) add amount of fuel that to air in the cylinder
of engine in the individual cylinders.this is individual cylinder is
used as shoe single.
2. Multiport Injection
In this system multiport injection move injectors towards the cylinders and air is inject the
primary coil and which is direct relation in every cylinder and in this air is distribute equally and
this is control by valve cylinder and fuel is injected and by this addition of fuel and air is burn
and engine working and by this performance of engine increased.
3. Sequential Injection
In this system fuel is supply the combustion chamber is on time and it is working like multiport
injection system but sequential injection injectors move to cylinders and air is inject the primary
coil and which is direct relation in every cylinder and in this air is distribute equally and this is
control by valve cylinder and fuel is injected in combustion chamber in cylinder according to
time of cylinder of time is burn and by this combustion chamber in this accurate quantity of fuel
and air is mix and by this performance of engine is increased.

31. 4. Direct Injection
In this system fuel is injected right to the cylinder and first air is add at intake and then mixture
of fuel and air is react and burn and engine is run.
 Method of fuel Injection
There are methods of fuel injection in compression
ignition system
1. Air injection
2. Solid injection
1. Air injection
In this method air is compressed to high pressure and air is inject to cylinder according fuel and
fuel injection is control by change the pressure of the air. The fuel burn with high temperature of
air and which is increased the high compression.
2. Solid injector
In this fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber by high pressure and fuel is burn due
to the heat of compression of the air and for this method require a fuel pump to provide fuel at
high pressure. It can be divided into two systems
1. Individual pump system
In this system each cylinder is individual high-pressure pump and a specific measuring unit.
2. Common rail system
In this system the fuel is pump by a multi-cylinder pump by common rail and pressure in the rail
is control by relief valve and quantity of fuel is supply to every cylinder from the common rail.
Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) System
In EFI systems deferent type sensor is used because to check the physical property of engine in
every time and everywhere and for this sensor is used this is used for long time and various
parameters to check like temperature, pressure of gases, position of throttle valve, air flow rate
etc and by this working of engine is increased or decreased and sensor send data to Electronic
Control Unit (ECU) and ECU prosete the data and operates injectors and other part of engine.
Conclution
In this we study of Injection system of fuel and and also discuss the working principle and
discuss the type of fuel injection system by fuel injection and then discuss types of fuel injection
by system of fuel injection and after this we discuss the type of fuel injection by method of fuel
injection and also we study the part of fuel injection system and we study modern technique
EFI(Electronic Fuel Injection).