Enteral and parenteral nutrition are two methods of providing nutrients when oral intake is inadequate. Enteral nutrition involves delivering nutrients through a tube into the gastrointestinal tract, using routes like nasogastric, nasoduodenal, or jejunostomy tubes. Parenteral nutrition delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream intravenously. Both methods carry risks of mechanical, metabolic, and gastrointestinal complications if not properly administered.

1. Entral and parenteral nutrition

2. Enteral nutrition
Defintion
The provision of nutrients into the GIT through a
tube or catheter when oral intake is inadequate.Also it
may include the use of formula as oral supplements or
meal replacement.
Enteral access
. Nasogastric route
. Nasoduodenal route
.Nasojejunal route

3. Nasogastric route
For short term enteral nutrition of 3 to 4 weeks.
NG tube pass through the nose into the stomach.
Used inpatient with normal GIT function .
Nasoduodenal or nasojejuonal
For short term enteral nutrition of 3 to 4 weeks in
patients
with gastric motility disorers

4. Jejunostomy
For patients requiring tube feeding for more than 3 to 4 weeks
Enteral formula composition
1) General purpose formulas
Are tolerated by most patients and most of these formulas
provide 1kcal per ml.
2)General formulas
That provide 1.5 to 2kcal per ml are usedwhen it necessary to
restrict fluid for patients with cardiopulmonary ,renal and hepatic failure.

5. 3)High nitrogen formulas
Are used for patient with increase protein
requirments suc as those with burns ,fistulas,sepsis or
trauma.
4)Disease specific formulas
For patients with renal ,hepatic or
cardiopulmonary disease.

6. Administration
• The three common methods of tube feeding
administration are;
1)bolus feeding
2)Intermittent drip feeding
3)contineous drip feeding
Complication of enteral nutrition
1)GIT complication

7. • cramping
• Diarrhea
Metabolic complication
Refeeding syndrome
Micronutrients deficiencies
Hypernatremia
Hyperkalemia
Glucose intolerance

8. Access problems
.Pressure necrosis
. Tube obstruction
Administration problems
.Regurgitation
.Aspiration

11. Parenteral nutrition
definition
The provision of nutrients directly into the blood stream
intravenously.
Parenteral Access
.Peripheral access
.Centeral access
Administration
.Contineous infusion
.Cyclic infusion

12. Complications
1)Mechanicalcomplication
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Endocarditis
2)

13. Metabolic complication
Hyperlipidemia
Hypomagnesemia
Elecctrolyte imbalance
Dehydration from osmotic diuresis

14. GIT complications
.Cholestasis
.Hepatic abnormalities
.Gastrointestinal villous atrophy