This ppt is about pregnancy and much more......

1. Pregnancy
Delivered By: Latif Mirani

2. What is Pregnancy ?
“The condition or period of being
pregnant”
What is Pregnant
“ A woman or female having a child or
young developing in the uterus”

3. Infertility:
“The inability to conceive children or young”
Infertility affects approximately 1 out of every 6
couples . When the problem lies with the male
partner it is referred to as male infertility .If the
problem lies with the female partner it is referred
to as female infertility. Male infertility factors
contribute to approximately 30% or female 50%of
infertility cases.

4. What causes male infertility?
 Sperm production/Gonad disorder (30-40%)
 Sperm transport disorder (10-20%)
 Unknown causes (40-50%)
 Sexual problems

5. Sperm production problems
 • Undescended testes (failure of
the testes to descend at birth)
 • Torsion (twisting of the testis in scrotum)
 • Varicocele (varicose veins of the testes)
 • Medicines and chemicals
 • Radiation damage

6. Blockage of sperm transport
 • Infections
 • Prostate-related problems
 • Vasectomy

7. Sexual problems
 • premature ejaculation
 • Failure of ejaculation
 • Infrequent intercourse
 • Prostate surgery
 • Some medicines

8. What causes female infertility?
The most common causes of female infertility
include problems with
 Ovulation
 Damage to fallopian tubes or uterus
 Problems with the cervix.
 Age can contribute to infertility because as a
woman ages, her fertility Not

9. Ovulation causes
 A hormone imbalance
 A tumor or cyst
 Eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia
 Alcohol or drug use
 Excess weight
 Stress
 Intense exercise that causes a significant loss of body
fat

10. Fallopian tubes or uterus problem
 Blockage of fallopian tube
 Damage of fallopian tube
 A previous infection
 Polyps in the uterus
 Uses of medicine
 A previous ectopic (tubal) pregnancy
 A birth defect

11. Abnormal cervical
Abnormal cervical mucus can also cause
infertility. Abnormal cervical mucus can prevent
the sperm from reaching the egg or make it more
difficult for the sperm to penetrate the egg.

12. Treatment:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) Fertilization
outside the body__Test tube baby
 ZIFT:zygote intrafallopian transfer.
 Sperm+Ova=Zygote
 IUT: Intra uterine transfer

13.  In Vivo fertilization (IVF) Fertilization
inside the body
 GIFT: Gamete intra fallopian tube
 ICSI: Intra cytoplacmic sperm injection

14. Fertilization
 The process by which the sperm initiates and
participates, with the egg, in the development
of the embryo.

15. Fertilization

16. Period From Conception to
Birth
Period of the Zygote
Period of the Embryo
Period of the Fetus

17. Period of the Zygote
Begins when egg is fertilized in the
fallopian tube.
Period of rapid cell division
Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is
implanted in the wall of the uterus

18. Period of the Zygote

19. On day 2, the zygote has divided into two identical
cells. At this stage it is called a 2-cell embryo.

20. And then into four identical cells (also on day 2)

21. By day 3, each of those four cells has divided again, making
eight identical cells.

22. The morula undergoes several more cell divisions (16,
32, 64-cells) and the individual cells are now indistinct.

23. On day 5 fluid builds up inside the ball of cells
making it hollow. This is the blastocyst.
The embryonic stem cells clump together inside the blastocyst.
The trophoblast will become the placenta.
embryonic
stem cells
trophoblast

24. Period of the Embryo
From 3 to 8 weeks after conception
Body parts are formed during this
period
 Embryo rests in the amnion filled with
amniotic fluid
 Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta

25. Prenatal Structures

26. Period of the Fetus
From 9 weeks after conception to
birth
Increase in size and systems
begin to function
Age of viability: 22 to 28 weeks

27. First Month
 By the end of the
first month, the
embryo is about 1/10
of an inch long. The
heart, which is no
larger than a poppy
seed, has begun
beating.

28. First Month

29. Two Months
 The embryo is about
1 inch long and has
distinct, slightly
webbed fingers.
Veins are clearly
visible. The heart
has divided into right
and left chambers.

30. Two Months

31. Three Months
 By now the fetus is 2 1/2
to 3 inches long and is
fully formed. He has
begun swallowing and
kicking. All organs and
muscles have formed
and are beginning to
function.

32. Four Months
 Your baby is covered
with a layer of thick,
downy hair called
lanugo. His
heartbeat can be
heard clearly. This is
when you may feel
your baby's first
kick.

33. 4 months

34. Five Months
 A protective coating
called vernix caseosa
begins to form on baby's
skin. By the end of this
month, your baby will be
nearly 8 inches long and
weigh almost a pound.

35. Six Months
 Eyebrows and
eyelids are visible.
Your baby's lungs
are filled with
amniotic fluid, and
he has started
breathing motions. If
you talk or sing, he
can hear you.

36. 6 Months

37. Seven Months
 By the end of the
seventh month, your
baby weighs about 3
1/2 pounds and is
about 12 inches
long. His body is
well-formed.

39. Eight Months
 Your baby is gaining
about half a pound
per week, He has
probably turned
head-down in
preparation for birth.
He weighs between
4 and 6 pounds.

41. Nine Months
 Your baby is a hefty
6 to 9 pounds and
measures between
19 and 22 inches. As
he becomes more
crowded, you may
feel him move
around less.

42. Why we need operation
 Problems in the fetus or newborn
 Problems in the mother
 A problem with the placenta
 Lack of iron
 And many other problems

43.  Premature rupture of the membranes
 Abnormal position of the fetus
 Multiple births (such as twins or triplets)
 Amniotic fluid embolism (sometimes causing a
life-threatening reaction in the woman)

44.  Prolapsed umbilical cord
 Nuchal cord
 A fetus that is too large to pass through the birth
canal (pelvis and vagina)—called fetopelvic
disproportion

45. The End