A brief review study about the municipal waste management, strengths, opportunities, and challenges in developing countries

1. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Marwan El Masri
Elahdi Abadalla
Muhammad Awais
Muhammad Azazul Kabir Taraj
K M Nafiur Islam

2. Outline
Overview
Hierarchy of
Sustainable
Municipal Waste
Management
Strengths
Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Conclusions
&
Recommendations

3. (Albawaba.com)
(dailypakistan.com)
(worldbulletin.net)
DAILYSTAR.COM

4. OVERVIEW

5. Theory – Triple Bottom Line
Environmental
Social
Economic
Sustainable
Development
The regenerative capacity
of earth is directly affected
by Society, the
Environment and the
Economy.
“Only when we balance the requirements of all three
complementary forces will we be truly sustainable”
Page 4/36 Sustainability WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOverview Opportunities

6. Landfilling &
Open dumps
Waste
Transformation
RECYCLING
Most practicedLeast Practiced
Sustainable Waste Management – Hierarchy
Landfilling
Waste
Transformation
RECYCLINGReuseMinimization
Least SustainableMost Sustainable
Page 5/36 Sustainability WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOverview Opportunities

7. SWOT Analysis
• What’s our good chances?
• What benefits may occur?
• What changes in MSWM practices
may occur?
•What obstacles we face ?
•Current political effects ?
•Behavioral adaptation of
communities ?
•What are the disadvantages?
•What is not done properly
•What obstacles prevent progress
•What should be avoided
•What are the advantages?
•What our current practices
helps us with?
• what we have changed so far?
Strength Weakness
OpportunitiesThreats
SWOT
ANALYSIS
!
Page 6/36 Sustainability WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOverview Opportunities

8. STRENGTHS

9. Waste Generation Rates
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dhaka Beirut Khartoum Berlin Lahore
MSWGENERATION
(1000TON/DAY)
MSW Generataion by Cities
• Benefits of Waste
to Energy
• Source of revenue
• Human Resource
Page 9/36 Overview WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesStrengths

10. Strengths – Composition of MSW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Lebanon Sudan Bangladesh Pakistan Germany
PERCENTAGEMSWCOMPOSITION
Organics Paper Glass
Glass Saves
1.2 tons of virgin raw materials
(sand, limestone and soda ash)
Organics Saves
§ 2 cubic meters of landfill space
§ 1 ton of CO2 emission
§ Energy generation
§ Retention of Nutrients
RECYCLING 1 ton
Paper Saves
• 17 trees
• 6.953 gallons of H2O
• 463 gallons of oil
• 3.06 cubic yards of landfill
space
Page 10/65 Overview WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesStrengths

11. LOW MANAGEMENT COSTS
Page 11/36 Overview WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesStrengths
20
50
100
45
100
200
2 8
30
4 10
17.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
Low−income Country Middle−income Country Industrialized Country
COSTINUSDOLLARS
Costs of Municipal Solid Waste Management
Collection Cost (in $US/Tonne) Public Cleaning Cost (in $US/Tonne)
Disposal Cost (in $US/Tonne) Transfer Cost (in $US/Tonne)

12. Participation of private sector
• Competition of private
sector in the market
• Public-private partnership
projects
• Increased coverage of
services
• Improved operational
standards
• Improved decision-making
Over 150 Companies in
Pakistan
Over 10 Companies in
Lebanon
Over 30 Companies in
Bangladesh
8 Companies In Sudan
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13. Landfill Closed Trash Pileup River of Trash
Revolution Actions
Environmental Willingness
Case study: Lebanon, trash crises and people
revolution to solve it.
Retrieved from :
https://thearabweekly.com/lebane
se-initiative-born-out-trash-crisis
https://www.dw.com/en/garbage-
governance-poor-waste-
management-causes-
environmental-crises/a-18677430
https://thearabweekly.com/lebane
se-initiative-born-out-trash-crisis
Page 13/36 Overview WeaknessStrengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesStrengths

14. WEAKNESS

15. Ø Lack of landfill
sites
Ø Insufficient rules
for management
of municipal solid
waste
Ø No incentives for
Environmental
Management
System (EMS) and
Cleaner Production
(CP) Piles of garbage blocks a street in east Beirut, Lebanon,
Monday, Aug. 17, 2015.
Credits : timesofisrael.com
Inadequate National Policy and Support
Page 15/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesWeakness

16. Absence of waste management strategy
Wastes lie next to a garbage bin on the road
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Children collect garbage in Lahore, State of
Punjab, Pakistan
Credits : news.un.org
Conventional Approach Non-recognition of role of informal
sector
Credits : news.un.org
Page 16/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesWeakness

17. Ø Lack of Resources
Ø Lack of database and
record keeping
Ø Slow pace of new
initiatives
Ø Lack of partnerships
Source : http://archive.sswm.info/category/implementation-
tools/water-distribution/software/creating-enabling-
environment/building-ins
Lack of institutional capacity
Page 17/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesWeakness

18. Credits : Indiatimes.com
Lack of Public Cooperation
Negative public perception
Women throwing waste besides road In Dhaka, Bangladesh
Page 18/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesWeakness

19. Waste collection In Bangladesh
Credits : dailystat.net Credits : dailystatbd
Financing Issue
Women throwing waste besides road In
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ø No investment for waste management infrastructure.
Ø Absence of collection cost
Page 19/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsOpportunitiesWeakness

20. OPPORTUNITIES

21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy
Source: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/what-are-the-10-
biggest-global-challenges/ http://www.rreuse.org/wp-content/uploads/Final-briefing-
on-reuse-jobs-website-2.pdf
Source: Ecocentra
Increase of the employment rates (creating jobs)
Page 21/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

22. $160 billion
Annual revenue from
waste worldwide
$67 billion
Japan’s waste market
revenue in 2000
Recyclable material markets
are developing around the
globe.
https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOP
MENT/Resources/336387-
1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf
Environmental Business International, Statista 2018
Improve of country’s economy
Source: EcocentraPage 22/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

23. Landfills in some developing countries
https://www.flickr.com/photos/unep_dc/84
56327714/in/photostream/
https://sa.investing.com/news/world-
news/article-529857
Sudan
Lebanon Credits: sa.investing.com
Source: Ecocentra
Reduce waste borne diseases (health risk)
Source: EcocentraPage 23/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

24. WHO, 2016
Reduce waste borne diseases (health risk)
Source: EcocentraPage 24/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

25. Relations between waste recycling and countries health status
Recycling rates Cholera disease
Source: https://worldmapper.org/
Reduce waste borne diseases (health risk)
Source: EcocentraPage 25/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

26. Bio-waste energy plant, worldwide
Source: http://www.ramboll.com/services-and-sectors/energy/waste-to-energy
Source: Ecocentra
Energy generation from bio-waste
Source: EcocentraPage 26/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

27. Bio-waste energy in Germany
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Energy(MW)
Time
Germany's bio-energy production
Sudan's All Egergy production
Sudan's Energy Demand
Germany Data: Fachverband Biogas 2016
Sudan Data: Gamal Abdo, 2016
Energy generation from bio-waste
Source: EcocentraPage 27/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

28. Reduce food waste, more use of organic waste
Environmental and health training and awareness
Better SWM goes hand in hand with better WASH
Recycling innovation is growing and scalable
Reduces emitted methane & CO2 from open
landfilling areas
Less plastic pollution in the oceans & sea life
Source:
HTTPs://wasteaid.org.
uk/waste-sustainable-
development-goals/
Others…
Source: EcocentraPage 28/36 Overview Strengths Threats RecommendationsWeakness Opportunities

29. THREATS

30. Global Financial Challenges
Source: EcocentraPage 30/36 Overview Strengths Opportunities RecommendationsWeakness Threats

31. Political Sanctions in most countries
lead to economical collapse
Case of Sudan
Wars
Syria,Iraq,Lebonan and etc.
Credits: aljazzeera.com
Current World Political Situation
Source: EcocentraPage 31/36 Overview Strengths Opportunities RecommendationsWeakness Threats
Credits: aljazzeera.com

32. Local Political Instability & Institutional
negligence
Ø Political upheaval
Ø Violence in society
Ø Uncertainty in
government policies
Ø Inconsistency of
environmental
management
Source: EcocentraPage 32/36 Overview Strengths Opportunities RecommendationsWeakness Threats

33. Social, Cultural & Behavioral Adaption
Ø Understanding complexity of society
Ø Inequality and poverty
Ø Knowledge gap & Awareness Issues
Ø Difficult to change behaviors of
elderly
Ø Corruption
Source: EcocentraPage 33/36 Overview Strengths Opportunities RecommendationsWeakness Threats

34. Conclusions
•Employment rates
•Economic Improvements
•Reduction of health risks
•Bio-waste energy generation
•Global financial challenges
•Political Instability
•Behavior adaption
•Inadequate national policy
•Absence of waste management
strategy
•Institutional failures
•Public Cooperation
•Waste Generation Rates
•Low cost of wastes
•Contribution of private sector
•Environmental willingness
Strengths Weakness
OpportunitiesThreats
SWOT
ANALYSIS
!
Source: EcocentraPage 34/36 Overview Strengths Opportunities ThreatsWeakness Recommendations

35. 1. MT Islam, MH Rashid – 2015, Ahmed (1993) (bangladesh data)
2. El-Fadel, Mutasem, et al. "Industrial-waste management in developing
countries: The case of Lebanon." Journal of Environmental
Management61.4 (2001): 281-300.
3. https://www.municipalwasteeurope.eu/sites/default/files/DE%20Berlin
%20Capital%20factsheet.pdf
4. KOICA-World Bank, 2007 (Lahore data)
5. Marzia Hoque Tania (2015), Overview of Industrial Waste Recycling
Policy: Bangladesh
6. L.F. Diaz (2011), Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries:
Status, Perspectives and Capacity Building
References

36. Thank You