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- 1. Sacred space, art,heritage andmaterialculturein Judaism,Christianity andIslam The Third Group Ahmad Muwafi, Muammar, Musdodi Manalu, Zulfikarni bakri
- 2. 01 Musdodi Manalu Zulfikarni Bakri Ahmad Muwafi Judaism Christianity islam 02 03 Muammar JudaisminIndonesia 04
- 3. Dura-Europos synagogue It is the oldest synagogue in the world and found in 1932 that established in Syria. The walls have pictures illustrating the life of the Jews at that time. And now days, those pictures are shown at the National Museum of Damascus. Dura-Europos synagogue (244 M) https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoge_Dura-Europos
- 4. HEDO’S TEMPLE (957 M) http://ringun.blogspot.com/2015/11/bait-suci-akankah-membongkar-al-aqsa.html The function of synagogue ❖ Worship ❖ Gather ❖ Study
- 9. Mezuzah Mezuzah contains Shema Yisrael which is a fragment of the Hebrew verse in Torah ((Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and 11:13-21)
- 10. The set of Havdalah
- 11. clothins Kippah Tefillin Tzitzit Tallit Katan Tallit Jubah
- 12. TheMosque asbothislamic - Mosque literally means Place of Prostration - Functionally used as a place of Dhikr, a place of worship, a meeting center of Islam -
- 13. Thedesign andfurnishingsofmosques - Qubba - Pulpit/Mihrab - Minbar - Separation betwen male and female - Ablotuin areas for Males and Females - Toward/Minaret/Manar
- 14. Qubba : photo: Quba Mosque building, a mosque on the edge of the city of Medina which was built by the Prophet Muhammad for the first time/detik.com. Sunan Ampel Mosque, Surabaya, East Java/detik.com.
- 15. pulpit/Mihrab Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem/Pinterest Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta/Pinterest This direction, or qibla, is marked by a niche in the mosque wall
- 16. Qibla : The first at the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem Moved to the Ka’aba in Mecca WHY?
- 17. Minbar Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates/Pinterest Where the Friday preacher sits during the weekly congregational worship service.
- 18. SEPARATION BETWEN MALE AND FEMALE A separate room or building for women alone Ablotiuin areas for women alone
- 19. TOWARD/MINARET/MANAR Bilal bin Rabah was the first to call to prayer Traditionaly, “place for performing the adha¯n,” or “call to prayer.”
- 20. Publicspace andmuslimdomesticspace ● Mosque ● Central marketplace ● Traditional Street Publicspace People walking inside the historical Egyptian Bazaar, in Istanbul.
- 21. Domesticspace ● Homes of Muslim : the religious right to domestic privacy ● Mahram : the circle within which males and females may socialize freely ● Believing women are to guard their modesty and not display either their physical beauty (their bodies) or ornaments, except what would ordinarily appear by one’s modest deportmen
- 22. ‘Awra : THEMUSLIMBODY: CLOTHING, ADORNMENT,COSMETICS,GROOMING Male Female ❖ Men’s ‘awra extends from the navel to the knees. ❖ Male clothing should be modest and not made of silk ❖ Muslim males should grow both mustaches and beards, but at least the former. ❖ All parts of Females body are ‘awra that must be covered, except for the face and palms ❖ The main principle in women’s dress is modesty and not drawing attention to a woman’s sexual characteristics, which are reserved for her husband. ❖ Women should normally not remove their facial hair, although the plucking of the eyebrows in order to thin them is not an offense. ❖ Bodily hair should be removed, as on the legs and in the pubic region. ❖ Wigs and hairpieces are forbidden ❖ Dyeing the hair is recommended
- 23. Muslimdressvariations Sherwani from India Thobes from Arab Gholabiya from Egypt Jubbah from Arab Koko from China
- 24. painting ● Paintings, drawings, photographs, and other types of representational art in two dimensions are permissible ● Depiction of God, prophets, and other religiously important people was generally forbidden. MUSLIMEXPRESSIONSOFTHEBEAUTIFUL:PAINTING,THE DECORATIVE ARTS, ANDMUSIC Source: pinterest
- 25. Thedecorative arts Calligraphy is the most noble visual expression possible Islamic Wall Art Extra Large Surah Al Ikhlas Ayatul Kursi Islamic Wall Art Islamic Art Islamic Home Bismillah
- 26. MUSICinislam Flamenco Music from Spain Persia Santur
- 27. Musicinislam Sufi Dance is “Whirling Dervishes” founded by the Persian mystic Jalal al-Din al-Rumi in the thirteenth century. Sufi seances, known as sama¯‘, use both vocal and instrumental music to bring on ecstasy Javanes Gamelan
- 29. PERSECUTION
- 30. Persecution defined the material culture of early Christians more intensely than anything else
- 31. Because it not only prohibited them from congregating in huge or noticeable buildings, but also provided them with their most prized possession—the martyrs' remains Corrigan et al, 2016, pp. 274
- 32. Tertullian (155 -220 AD) said: “The Blood of Martyrs is the seed of Christians.” The martyrs’ blood fed the Christian communities and brought forth a rebirth into eternal life. Salisbury, 2004, pp. 1, 75
- 33. Christians have always honored saints' physical remains and the items connected to their physical existence as relics
- 34. relics
- 35. Relics are sacred objects associated with holy individuals They may be literal body parts (teeth, hair, bones) or objects which the holy person used or touched
- 36. The Title of The Cross In Roma in the Church of the Santa Croce (Holy Cross) of Jerusalem. There is probably the half of the Title with part of the three text lines of the Pilate sentence: Jesus of Nazareth King of the Jews.
- 37. Tunic is a wool cloth with plenty of true blood with red cells. Some of them present a modified shape indicating a traumatic process
- 38. We can enumerate: the cross, the nails, the lance, the sponge, the cane, the crown of thorns, the shroud of the tomb, the sandals, the towel with which He dried the apostles’ feet, the tunic, the stone from the tomb and the sudarium Barta, 2022, pp. 40
- 39. Relics were seen as connecting points between matter and spirit, Heaven and earth. Since the martyr's soul was thought to be in Heaven with God, it was thought that the martyr's earthly remains somehow shared in the splendor and power of Heaven
- 41. SACRED SPACE
- 42. Persecution made the early Christians have no definite and solid place This is what makes very few traces of the remnants of Christianity that survive
- 45. TheRomancatacombs are uniquebecauseoftheir vastness,location, and legalstandingintheempire. SinceRomanlawregarded allburialplaces assacred, Christianscouldnotbe legallypersecutedinthe catacombs Source: www.nationalgeographic.com
- 48. church
- 49. The buildings where Christians gathered to worship became known as "churches," uniting the macrocosm and the microcosm: the church was both the entire Christian community and each individual place of worship, the universal institution and each individual ritual space. Corrigan et al., 2016, pp. 280
- 50. ….your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost… (1 Corinthians 6: 19)
- 51. Sacred buildings are not unique to Christianity
- 52. Christian churches served multiple purposes, but their sacred character was determined by two key ritual functions: (1) they were the places where the eucharist was celebrated, that is, where Christ made himself physically present; and (2) they were sites where the martyrs and saints were also present, through their relics. Corrigan et al., 2016, pp. 280
- 53. EUCHARIST
- 54. When we reflect on what the Church believes concerning the Eucharist, two theological issues come into prominence: the identity of the sacrifice between Calvary and the Mass, and Transubstantiation or the Real Presence of Christ in the sacrament. Sokolowski, 2006, pp. 95
- 55. Chalice: cawan/piala) Holy Communion wine : Anggur Perjamuan Kudus Hosti : Roti Perjamuan Kudus Patena (Latin) : Piring
- 56. HOLY BABTISM
- 57. This ritual (baptism) is believed to flood the soul with divine grace (divine love, forgiveness, and assistance), erasing all stain of original sin. Baptism changed one’s destiny from death to eternal life. Esposito et al., 2018, pp. 152
- 59. cross
- 62. …the cross would eventually become the predominant symbol of Christianity… Christians avoided the cross at all costs to ensure that their religion was not associated with the shame of crucifixion.
- 63. It is indisputable that the cross became a powerful symbol in the wake of Constantine’s promotion of Christianity within his empire, but it is to be disputed that only in the fourth century and beyond did the cross become a Christian symbol. Longenecker, 2015, pp. 5
- 64. During the fourth through seventh centuries, the cross continued to rise to prominence as the centerpiece of Christian religious art, adorning walls and architecture at key positions in post Constantinian places of Christian worship
- 66. A Brief Historyof Judaismin Indonesia Dutch Colonialism Era In the 1850s, most Jewish families were of German and Dutch descent and lived in Jakarta. Maritime Trade 1920s Jews arrived from Holland, Baghdad and Aden and settled in Surabaya. Japanese Colonial Era - Independence In the 1930s many Jews came to Indonesia to escape the Nazis, it is estimated that there were around 2000 Jews.
- 67. JEWS AFTERINDEPENDENCE 1945 Most of the Jewish population emigrated to Australia, America and Israel because of the loss of property and homes during the war. 1950s The Jewish community began to grow again, especially in Surabaya. After the Holocaust they fled from the Nazis. In the early 1960s, with the rise of national sentiment President Soekarno issued a foreign asset policy of BANAS (Dutch Company Nationalization Agency) 1960s 1970s Most of Indonesia's thriving Jewish Community has almost disappeared.
- 68. sYNAGOGuEININDONESIA “Synagogue Beith Shalom, in Surabaya” Synagogue Surabaya or Beth Hashem is a synagogue that once existed on Jl. Not. 4-5, Surabaya, East Java. This synagogue was previously on Jalan Bubutan but moved around to accommodate a large number of people. The building existed in 1939 and in 1948, this house was converted and inaugurated into a synagogue.
- 69. Sha’arhashamayim Synagogue Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue (Hebrew: ("Sha'ar Hashamayim", "Gate of Heaven" in Indonesian)) or also known as Beth Knesset Sha'ar Hashamayim and or Kahal Kadosh Sha'ar Hashamayim is an Orthodox Jewish Synagogue with Sephardi tradition (Spanish and Portuguese) located in Tondano, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, which was founded in 2003.
- 70. tallit Jews worship at the Synagogue in Tondano, North Sulawesi https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5929566/begini-suasana-ibadah-kom unitas-yahudi-di-sinagoge-minahasa-sulut
- 71. Menorah Jewish Menorah in Tondano, North Sulawesi
- 74. VIRTUALSITE
- 75. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik THANKS!
- 76. Bibliography ● Corrigan, John, Jews, Christians, Muslims. 2rd ed., New York: Routledge, 2016. ● Lestari, Sri, Mengenal Komunitas Yahudi di Indonesia, BBC News Indonesia, di akses 26 September 2022. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42422076