This document discusses dual fuel engines, which use a combination of diesel and gaseous fuel. It provides historical context, noting Rudolf Diesel's 1901 patent and wartime developments. Benefits include lower fuel costs and reduced emissions compared to diesel engines. The document outlines factors that affect combustion like injection timing and intake valve lift. It also discusses applications, advantages like fuel flexibility and longer engine life, and disadvantages like slightly higher fuel consumption.

1. DUAL FUEL ENGINE

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Historical Development
3. Benefits
4. Working
5. Diesel Conversions
6. Factors affecting
7. Effect of intake valve
8. Knock
9. Advantages
10. Disadvantages
11. Applications
12. Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• In CI engine, gaseous fuel inducted and compressed in the engine
cylinder with air, and small quantity of diesel is injected through the
conventional diesel fuel system to ignite the mixture.

4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Rudolf Diesel obtained patent in 1901 for the concept of dual-fuel
engine.
• Developments during Second World War due to liquid fuel shortage.
• Supercharged engines.
• High-pressure injection.

5. BENEFITS
• Reduction in fuel cost.
• Natural gas as fuel,
• Reduced Emissions.

6. WORKING

7. DIESEL / GAS RATIO
• For high speed engines Diesel / Gas ratio is 40 / 60%
• If engine load is constant and between 70-80% Diesel / Gas ratio is 30 /
70%
• If engine load is 50% , Diesel / Gas ratio is 45 / 55%
• For low speed engines Diesel / Gas ratio is 10 / 90%

8. DIESEL CONVERSIONS
• Low speed engines - <1000rpm
• High speed engines - between 1200 and 1800rpm

9. LOW AND MIDDLE SPEED CONVERSION

10. HIGH SPEED CONVERSIONS

11. FACTORS AFFECTING COMBUSTION
1. Pilot fuel quantity
2. Injection timing
3. Intake valve lift
4. Cetane number of pilot fuel
5. Inlet temperature
6. Gaseous fuels
7. Effect of throttling
8. Mixture strength

12. EFFECT OF INTAKE VALVE LIFT
Three steps conducted to investigate this effect
1. Collection of Engine specification
2. Numerical Modelling
3. CFD Modelling

13. ENGINE SPECIFICATION
• Cylinder Bore – 85mm
• Cylinder Length – 87 mm
• Intake valve diameter – 32.5mm
• Intake valve length – 84.1mm
• Exhaust valve diameter – 27.5mm
• Length of exhaust valve – 84.1mm
• Compression ratio – 16:1
• Airflow rate – 68.28 m/s
• Pressure inside cylinder – 68.232pa

14. NUMERICAL MODELLING

15. CFD MODELLING

16. INTAKE VALVE EFFECT ON AVERAGE AIR
FLOW VELOCITY

17. INTAKE VALVE EFFECT ON MAXIMUM AIR
FLOW VELOCITY

18. INTAKE VALVE EFFECT ON AVERAGE
TURBULENCE

19. INTAKE VALVE LIFT EFFECT ON MASS
FLOW

20. KNOCK
• It is due to the nature of auto ignition of gaseous mixture in
neighborhood of injected spray
Controlling methods
1. Excess supply of air
2. Use of cold combustion air
3. Increased cooling of piston
4. Reducing the pressure of gaseous fuel

21. ADVANTAGES
• Less fuel usage
• Ignition system not required
• Fuel flexibility
• Safe operations
• Lower emissions
• Longer engine life span

22. DISADVANTAGES
• BSFC is slightly higher than diesel engine.
• Cooling of fuel injector is difficult.
• Volumetric efficiency decreases.
• Requires high compression ratio.

23. APPLICATIONS
• Power generation: DG sets
• Marine Ship Propulsion
• Automotive Field: Locomotives

24. CONCLUSION
• Highest velocity and Highest turbulence at 10.92mm
• Highest Air mass flow at 14.56mm
• Lower emissions
• Reduces costs of operation

25. REFERENCES
• Muhammad Badrus Zaman, Semin, Nilam Sari Octaviani, Nurhadi Siswantoro and Rosli Abu Bakar,
“Intake Valve Lift Effect on Air-Fuel Mixing of Dual Fuel Engine”, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology(IJMET), Volume 10, Issue 2, Febraury 2019, pp;1301-1318 Article ID:
IJMET_10_02_136, ISSN print:0976-6340
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle
• https://www.cummins.com/engines/drilling/dual-fuel-engines-drilling
• https://engineeringinsider.org/dual-fuel-engine-working/2/
• Dual Fuel Engines, GHAZI A KARIM
• https://www.slideshare.net/HassanRaza150/dual-fuel-engine?qid=9074f28b-5b77-4496-87b6-
23a73e8e0153&v=&b=&from_search=4
• https://www.slideshare.net/alieidi/dualfuel-engines?qid=9074f28b-5b77-4496-87b6-
23a73e8e0153&v=&b=&from_search=37
• https://www.scribd.com/document/244852716/Introduction-to-Dual-Fuel-Engine