this presentation is about the product of apiculture and its uses

1. Apiculture
1.4 Bee Products and their Uses
April 2020
Developed By..
Dr. Ganesh K Maurya
Asst. Prof. (Zoology)
MMV, BHU
ZOB401: Economic Zoology

2. - Bees and their pollination services contribute to maintaining biological balance in nature
and enable various animal and plant species, including humans, to thrive. They also provide
bee products that are an entirely natural food source. People have used them since time
immemorial, and they are a particularly suitable source of food in today's increasingly faster
pace of life.
Bee and their services

3. - Bees offer numerous benefits for humans.
- The following products from bees are obtained
which are used by humans
1. HONEY BEE
2. BEES WAX
3. BEE POLLEN
4. ROYAL JELLY
5. BEE BROOD
6. PROPOLIS
7. BEE VENOM
8. BEE BREAD
Bee Products
Table 1: Raw materials and bee products

4. - Honey is a natural food made by the bee with nectar, pollen and other substances. It is
considered natures most completely nourishing food as it contains nearly all nutrients
required by humans. Proteins, free amino acids, vitamin B complex and folic acids are some
of the major nutrients found in honey.
- Honey originating from a single flower species is called monofloral honey, such as kapok
honey, banana honey or coffee honey. If the nectar of more than one species is collected,
then it is called multifloral or polyfloral honey.
1). HONEY
Composition of Honey

5. Uses of Honey
1. FOR MIOSTURIZING
Honey, when mixed with eggs and some flour, is an effective skin moisturizer. Best of all,
it is gently formulated, so it can be used by people with sensitive skin. It is used for
eliminating the effects of dry skin.
2. AS ANTISEPTIC
Honey happens to contain a good
amount of Hydrogen peroxide . It only
needs to be released by diluting the
substance in water or body fluids.
When applied on an open wound, the
glucose, contained by honey, is diluted
and gradually releases hydrogen
peroxide. The substance facilitates
your wound’s healing faster.
3. ENERGY BOOSTER
Honey acts as a quik energy
supplement. Mix honey with some water
then drink the solution. Honey’s glucose
content will be absorbed by the brain and
in the bloodstream, reducing fatigue in the
process.

6. 4. Immune System Booster
- Though still not scientifically proven, the daily consumption of honey is said to
strengthen your immune system.
5. Treatment for Sore Throat
- To create the sore throat relieving serum, squeeze the juice from a lemon and mix it
with some honey. Stir the mixture until both ingredients blend. Drink the solution.
6. Other uses
- Colon Damage Prevention
- Parasite Remover
- Remedy for Burns
- Relaxant for anxiety and nervousness
- Cancer and Heart Disease Prevention
- Diabetic Ulcer Remedy

7. 2). Bees Wax
- The bees sweat wax out of four pairs of glands on the underside of their abdomens. The
development of the wax glands depends on the pollen eaten by the young bees after they
emerge from the cells. Bees that are about ten days old sweat the most wax. While producing
and building with wax, the bees eat and digest a lot of honey. Their high metabolism leads to a
high body and surrounding temperature, which is necessary to keep the wax fluid.
- The colour of beeswax is determined by the
pollen that the bees collect during the building
process. New wax is usually white, but it can
also be yellow to reddish-orange.
- It is chemically inert, insoluble in water and
organic solvents.
Composition of Bees wax
Bees Wax

8. Uses of Bees Wax
1. Cosmetic and skin care
products such as
Moisturizers
Lip gloss
Lip balm
Eye shadows
Eye liner
Moustaches wax
Hair pomade which makes the hair sleek
2. Postharvest treatment of fruits and vegetables
Beeswax are used as glazing agent on fruits
and vegetables to prevent moisture lose
and pathogen attacks
Ex - tomato and cucumber
3. Surgical bone wax
It is used in preparing the surgical bone wax
which is used in controlling bleeding from
bone surface. 4. Polishing furniture
Beeswax are dissolved
in turpentine for
polishing furniture.

9. 5. Other uses
It includes
The making of
Candles, tooth paste,
crayon, Water prove leather,
dental floss,

10. 3). Bee Pollen
Honey bees collect pollen from the stamens of flowers. The pollen sticks to the bee’s
hairs while the bee is sucking nectar. The bee removes the pollen from its hairs using a
comb on its forelegs and adds some saliva to help roll it into a ball. The bee flies with
these loads in the pollen baskets on its hind legs to the beehive. House bees push these
loads with their heads into the honeycomb cells, together with a small amount of
honey and saliva. The bees then process this mixture and it ripens into bee bread.
Composition
- Pollen contains lipids, essential oils, vitamin E (tocopherol), carbohydrates, peptides, short
proteins or oligopeptides, amino acids, pantothenic acid, anthocyanins, carotenoids,
flavonoids, ferulic acids and enzymes as well as many minerals such as iron, manganese, zinc
and spore elements.

11. Uses:-
1. Health benefits
- The biologically active substances, such as anthocyanins, carotenoids and flavenoids, in
pollen help cleanse the blood by scavenging free radicals. Pollen improves people's strength
and well-being, supports mental exertion and enhances the blood flow to the brains. It is a
supplemental source of vitamins B2, B6 and B12.
- Pollen is used for improving fertility, relieving the discomforts of old age, and combating the
symptoms of menopause, an enlarged prostate, listlessness and stress.
2. Antibacterial Agent
- Studies have shown that substances in bee pollen are effective in fighting certain
bacterial and viral infections such as Giardia and Salmonella.
- Bee pollen contains compounds that aid the body in fighting off infection. High levels of
vitamins, antioxidants, and essential minerals give the body a needed boost to ward off
infections, and increase immune system functioning.
3. In addition, high levels of antioxidants help repair cellular damage caused by foreign
pathogens and other free radicals.
4. Immunity Booster
Bee pollen contains compounds that aid the body in fighting off infection. High levels of
vitamins, antioxidants, and essential minerals give the body a needed boost to ward off
infections, and increase immune system functioning. In addition, high levels of antioxidants
help repair cellular damage caused by foreign pathogens and other free radicals.

12. 5. Cardiovascular Health
An antioxidant found in bee pollen known as Rutin, has been shown to increase the strength
of blood vessels, capillaries, and improve circulation. Bee pollen has proven effective in
lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels, both which contribute to good heart health.
6. Other uses of bee pollen include
Cancer Fighting Properties
Allergy Inhibitor
Energy and Strength Enhancement
Weight Loss

13. 4. Royal Jelly
- The young bees add secretions from glands on their heads to the ingested bee bread to
make bee milk or royal jelly. They put this bee milk in cells that contain young larvae. The
larvae of worker bees, drones and the egg-laying female (the queen) eat these products,
which make them grow.
- It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the
colony, regardless of sex or caste
Properties:
The acidic fraction royalisin makes royal jelly
effective in combating a broad spectrum of
bacteria, but not fungi. Royalisin contains
gamma globulins, which are important amino
acids in the immune system.
- 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid (10-HDA), which
plays a role in growth, the hormonal system
and the immune system.
Chemical Composition :
Royal jelly is 67% water, 12.5% protein, 11%
simple sugars (monosaccharides), 6% fatty
acids and 3.5% 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
(10-HDA)

14. Uses
- Royal jelly is recommended for stomach, liver and digestion problems, high blood
pressure, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, listlessness, insomnia, pregnancy,
menopause, old-age problems, convalescence and athletics.
- Royal jelly can be viewed as a tonic to make you feel stronger, healthier and less tired.
- In many countries it is also added to energy drinks.
- Capsules with dried royal jelly are commonly used in apitherapy.
- For external use, royal jelly is added to creams and salves, because it enhances or
preserves the beauty of the skin. It stimulates the formation of healthy tissue and hair
growth.

15. 5). Bee Brood
- Bee brood is made up of eggs, larvae and pupae in the comb
- The larvae and pupae are especially suited for
consumption. Harvesting brood is bad for the development
of the colony, so the larvae and pupae of drones are usually
used because the colony is less dependent on them
Uses
- In a few world areas, people eat the brood (eggs, larvae and
pupae) of honeybees. For example, in Africa honey
hunters often eat the bee brood as they plunder the
colony. In Asia, eating of the brood of Apis florea,
Apis cerana, and other species occurs widely.
In Asia bee brood is also lyophilised and marketed as a powder
for health foods and drinks.

16. 6. Propolis
- Propolis is made by bees out of tree gums, glues, waxes and resins. These can be found
around the flower buds and are excreted as drops from the tree's bark if it is cut or
cracked. The bees bring them on their hind legs, just like pollen, to the hive. They mix
them with their own wax and saliva. This produces propolis.
- It is sticky, brown and fragrant. The bees use it to fill undesired holes or cracks in the walls
of the hive and they polish their cells as protection for the future brood. Bees also use
propolis to adjust the size of the opening into the hive.
USES OF PROPOLIS
• It is used in ointment for healing
wounds and cuts.
• Taking propolis daily helps in the
prevention of constipation
• When used in tooth pastes it
prevents mouth and gum disorder
such as gum recession.
- Propolis mixed with mulbera leaf
decrease blood sugar level in patience
with type two diabetes .
- Propolis contains no proteins, carbohydrates
or fats and therefore has no energy value.

17. 7. Bee Venom
- The bee venom is made in the venom gland and is stored in a venom sac at the base of
the stinger. Young bees have little venom. Their venom sac is not filled until their 15th
to 20th day, when it contains about 0.3 mg of liquid venom.
- The spring bees that are raised with a lot of pollen have the most and most effective
venom.
- Bee venom dissolves in water but not in oil. Alcohol is harmful to bee venom.
- Composition:-
Bee venom is a mixture of histamine,
pheromones, enzymes, peptides, amino
acids and other acids, with 63
components in total. The main enzymes
present are phospholipase A,
hyaluronidase, and lecithinase; while the
main peptides are mellitin, apamin and
peptide 401.
- Venom is harvested by submitting bees to electric fields when they feel the electric
shock , bees sting into a metal gauze behind which is a glass sheet.
- This is left to dry, after which the dried venom is crapped from the glass sheet

18. USES OF VENOM
• It is used in therapy against bee sting allergy.
• It use in apitherapy, especially for treatment of rheumatism and arthritis.

19. 8. Bee Bread
- Bee Bread is actually the main source of food for most larvae and bees. It is fed to all larvae
except those that are selected to become queens; the queen larvae are fed royal jelly
instead.
- Bees make bee bread out of the pollen that they have collected.
- The collected pollens are pressed into pellets with
a small amount of honey and saliva. This undergoes
biochemical processes caused by enzymes added through
the bees’ saliva and stomach fluids.
Uses
- Comprised of all essential amino acids, high contents
of vitamins especially vitamin K, enzymes, and
flavanoids, bee bread is made of pollen mixed with
bits of honey, bee wax, and bees'digestive enzymes and
is known to be useful in treating anemia, hepatitis,
insomnia, stress, failing memory, cholesterol and
disgestive tract disorder.
- Bee bread helps children in improving memory, weight gain and fights obesity.
- Bee bread also has antibiotic properties: it inhibits the development of bacteria and
viruses and helps reduce fever.

20. References for further reading
1. Economic zoology
By professor gs shukla and vb upadhyay
2. Bee Products (properties, processing and marketing )
1st Edition Book
By Marieke Mutsaers, Henk van Blitterswijk, Leen van 't Leven, Jaap Kerkvliet, Jan
van de Waerdt