Diploma Medical and Health Science

1. MHBE 2013 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ;
Factors Associated With
Increased Risk Of Human Disease
(2 Hour)
Institut Latihan Kementerian
KesihatanMalaysia (ILKKM)
Diploma in Medical And Health Science
(DPMH)
Year 1 Sem I
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology

2. Learning Outcome ;
“ Explain factors associated with
increase risk to human
disease”
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3. Risk to human disease ;
Health also is represents a fluid range of physical
and emotional well-being continually subjected to
internal and external challenge (eg: overwork etc)
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
The maintenance of this relatively constant
internal environment is known as
homeostasis.

4. Risk to human disease ;
Mechanisms vital to the maintenance of health ;
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
1. Maintenance of the internal environment, or
homeostasis.
2. Adaptation to stress situations.
3. Defense against microbiological agents, such as
bacteria and viruses.
4. Repair and regeneration of damaged tissue or cells.
5. Clotting of the blood to prevent excessive bleeding.

5. Three factors with risk to human
disease;
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HOMEOSTASIS PROCESS

6. 1. Host factors ;
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
AGE; The very young
and the elderly are the
most susceptibility to
infection.
2. GENDER : In general
males experience higher
age-specific mortality rate
than female for most
disease.
3. GENETIC; Some of
disease are inherited such as
Thalasemia , Hepatitis etc.
4. IMMUNITY; Some of us
illneses but cure without
medication..as a natural only.

7. 2. Agent factors ;
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
Virulence or pathogenocity of an infective agent is the capacity
of an infectious agent to enter host, replicate, damage tissue
and cause disease.
1. INFECTIVITY – Capacity to multiply
in host.
3. PATHOGENIC – capacity to
cause a disease in host.
2. VIRULANCE –
pathogencity of organism is
a capacity to cause disease.
4. IMMUNOGENICITY – The capicity of an organism
to induce specific and lasting immunity in the host.
5. ANTIGENIC STABILITY – the condition of an
individual who has been infected by a disease, and
then remains immune to further infection in later
life.
6 . PHYSICAL ; noisy, chemical and
radiation.

8. 2. Enviromental factors ;
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ILKKM ; DPMH; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology
Infectious : The
environment provided a
reservoir for the organism
The reservoir refer to the
natural habitat where
organism live and
multiplie,which may be in
people,animals,arthropods,p
lants,soil,or substances
Non infectious environment
factors such as temperature or
human behaviour contribute
major disaster in health. This
factors could be modify is
public health environment
safety practise widely.
Example : Chronic disease such
as Hypertension and diabetic.
Example : Outbreak cholera,
Influenza, H5N1, Covid 19.

9. General factors to human health;
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
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11. Recommendation for student Independent Learning (IL) ;
Activities Source
1. Search and download
• https://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PH4JYfF4
Ns
2. Reading related topic
3. Make short note related
topic
4. Discus and answer
Exercise 1.10
nil
5. Terminology and
Definitions
nil
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Epidemiology
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