Diploma Medical and Health Science

1. Institut Latihan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (ILKKM)
Prog : Diploma in Medical And Health Science (DPMH)
Year 1 Sem I
MHBE 2013 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ;
Disease pathway (1 Hour)

2. Learning outcomes ;
i. Differentiate pathways of disease
infection.
ii. Explain various type mode of
transmissions.
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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic Epidemiology

3. Mode of transmission ;
Direct contact ; Indirect contact ;
The pathogens are
transmitted from an
infected person to a
healthy person directly
without an intermediate
agent.
The pathogens can be
transmitted from the
reservoir of infection to a
healthy person through
some intermediate
agents.
Example ;
Free sexual cause to HIV
Example ;
Mosquito dengue insect
to human cause Dengue
fever
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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
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4. Chain of agent in Communicable Disease
Transmitted;
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
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7. Define terminology ;
No. Term ;
1. Direct contact ;
2. Portal of entry ;
3. Reservoir ;
4. Susceptible Host ;
5. Indirect contact ;
6. Portal of exit ;
7. Infectious agent ;
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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
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8. Mode of transmission ;
DIRECT CONTACT ; INDIRECT CONTACT ;
1. Blood Borne disease With an infected
person ; i.E., Hand shake, mouth-to-mouth
kissing, sexual act, etc. E.G., Contagious
diseases like chickenpox, smallpox,
measles, leprosy, ringworm, gonorrhea
syphilis etc.
1. Vector Borne Diseases ; e.g., malaria
(female Anopheles), sleeping sickness (vector
is tse fly), dengue (Aedes mosquito), cholera
(housefly), etc.
2. Tran placental transmission.
The viruses of German measles and AIDS; and
bacteria of syphilis can be transmitted from
the maternal blood into foetal blood through
placenta.
2. Food and water borne disease;
Pathogens of cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc.
are transmitted by agencies like conta-
minated food, water etc. Such diseases are
more common in areas without safe supplies
of drinking water. AIDS is spread by blood or
semen of suffering donors.
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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
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9. Mode of transmission ;
DIRECT CONTACT ;
3. Air borne disease or droplet infection
; Though coughing, sneezing and
spitting of infected persons. E.G.,
Pneumonia, diphtheria, influenza,
tuberculosis, common cold, whooping
cough, influenza, epidemic typhus
6. Unclean hands e.g., Ascariasis (Ascaris
lumbricoides) and Enterobiasis (Enterobius
vermicularis).
4. Formite borne – In this, the pathogens are
spread through contaminated articles like
handkerchiefs, towels, crockery, etc
5. Animal bites. e.g., rabies viruses.
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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
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10. Student reading/ priority references :
Book / Journal / Article
No References
1. Gordis Leon (2013) Epidemiology, 5th edition,Elsevier
Suander,USA.
2. William C. Cockerham (2016) Medical sociology 13th edition,
Routledge,USA
3. Schneider.M.J(2014),Introduction to public health (4th
Edition),Jones & Bartlett Learning,USA
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Internet/ e book/ online
No References
1. http://www.moh.gov.my/
2. https://www.who.int/
3. • https://www.rncentral.com/blog/2012/nursing
-plays-a-major-role-in-infection-control/
4. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JWku3
Kjpq0
5. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUlKRIM
xpZQ
6. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IpE8dE
4cVc

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ILKKM ; DPMH ; MHBE 2013 Basic
Epidemiology
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