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Metrology.ppt
1. Metrology
Adapted from Introduction to Metrology from the Madison Area Technical College,
Biotechnology Project (Lisa Seidman)
http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/methods/measurement/measure.htm
2. What is metrology?
The study of measurements
Measurements are quantitative
observations; numerical descriptions
Measurements are part of the daily routine in
a biotech lab
Measurements are expected to be “good”
3. What is a “good”
measurement?
If you weigh at home and then at the
doctor’s office and get a different weight,
which is correct?
Did your weight change (sample issue)?
Is one or both scales wrong (instrument
issue)?
How do you know which of these is correct?
4. What is a “good”
measurement?
A “good” measurement is one that can be
trusted when making decisions
Decisions are made daily on whether
measurements are good enough, but they
are made subconsciously and often by
different people
Decisions need to be conscious and
consistent.
7. Units
Units define measurements
Units give the numbers value
Definition set by international SI system
8. Accuracy vs Precision
Accuracy is how close an individual value is to the
true or accepted value
Precision is the consistency of a series of
measurements
From Basic Laboratory
Methods for
Biotechnology:
Textbook and
Laboratory Reference,
Seidman and Moore,
2000
9. Measurements can be:
Accurate and precise (best)
Accurate and imprecise (user error)
Inaccurate but precise (instrument error)
Inaccurate and imprecise
10. Expressions
Accuracy
% error = True value – measured value X 100%
True value
Precision
Expression of variability
Take the mean (average)
Calculate how much each measurement
deviates from mean
Take an average of the deviation, so it is the
average deviation from the mean
11. Recording measured values
Record measured values (or large counts)
with correct number of significant figures
Don’t add extra zeros; don’t drop ones that
are significant
With digital reading, record exactly what it
says; assume the last value is estimated
With analog values, record all measured
values plus one that is estimated
12. Significant Figures
The digits 1 - 9 always count. (51 has 2)
Zeroes between the digits 1 - 9 always
count. (501 has 3)
Zeroes in the beginning of a number never
count. (0.00501 only has 3)
Zeroes at the end of a number count only
if there is a written decimal point. (5010
has 3, 501.0 has 4)
13. Rounding
Greater than or equal to 5 then round up
Less than 5 then round down
When adding or subtracting, the number of
decimal places in the result equals the
smallest number of decimal places in the
input numbers.
When multiplying or dividing, the number of
significant figures in the result equals the
smallest number of significant figures in the
input numbers.
14. Scientific Notation
The coefficient must be greater than or
equal to 1 and less than 10.
The base must be 10.
The exponent must show the number of
decimal places that the decimal needs to be
moved to change the number to standard
notation. A negative exponent means that
the decimal is moved to the left when
changing to standard notation.
15. Standards
Measurements made in accordance with
an external authority
A standard is an external authority
They are physical objects, the properties
of which are known with sufficient
accuracy to be used to evaluate other
items
Units are unaffected by the environment,
but standards are
Also solutions or documents
16. Calibration
Bringing a measuring system into
accordance with external authority, using
standards
For example, calibrating a balance
Use standards that have known masses
Relate response of your balance to units of kg
18. Tolerance
Amount of error that is allowed in the
calibration of a particular item. National and
international standards specify tolerances.
19. Example
Standards for balance calibration can have
slight variation from “true” value
Highest quality 100 g standards have a
tolerance of + 2.5 mg
99.99975-100.00025 g
Leads to uncertainty in all weight measurements
20. Traceability
The chain of calibrations,
genealogy, that establishes
the value of a standard or
measurement
In the U.S. traceability for
most physical and some
chemical standards goes back
to NIST(National Institute
of Standards and Technology)
21. Error
Error is responsible for the difference
between a measured value and the “true”
value
Three types of error:
Gross (blunders)
Random
Systematic
22. Random Erros
Random errors are errors that cannot be
eliminated. They are variability and no one
knows why. Maybe humidity, pressure, etc.
This is why we take several measurements
and average them to get best estimate of
true value
Random error leads to loss of precision
23. Systemic Error
Defined as measurements that are
consistently too high or too low, bias
Many causes, contaminated solutions,
malfunctioning instruments, temperature
fluctuations, etc., etc.
Technician controls sources of systematic
error and should try to eliminate them, if
possible
Impacts accuracy so try not to repeat them
24. Uncertainty
Estimate of the inaccuracy of a
measurement that includes both the random
and systematic components.
Errors lead to uncertainty in measurements
Can never know the exact, “true” value for
any measurement.
Idea of a “true” value is abstract – never
knowable.
In practice, get close enough