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Solar energy and Environment
- 1. Name: Mohammad AlKour Student No.: 131705014 Instructor: Dr.Salim Solmaz Solar Energy and Environment 1
- 2. Outline • Introduction • The sun • Basic history • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Low-temperature collectors – Medium-temperature collectors – High-temperature collectors • Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • Pros & Cons • Environmental impacts • Economy of solar energy 2
- 3. Introduction • Solar energy has big history. • Solar energy is one of the renewable energy sources. • Sun emits photons and radiates heat. 3
- 4. The sun • It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are either passive solar or active solar. • The Earth receives 174,000 (TW) of incoming solar radiation atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space. 4
- 5. The sun • It emits EM radiation across most of the electromagnetic spectrum. 5
- 6. The sun 6
- 7. Basic history • History of solar thermal energy (STE) • History of (STE) has been established by Augustin Mouchot. • In 1860, he began exploring solar cooking. Further experiments involved a water- filled cauldron enclosed in glass. 7
- 8. Basic history • History of solar thermal energy (STE) • The first installation of solar thermal energy equipment occurred in the Sahara approximately in 1910 by Frank Shuman when a steam engine was run on steam produced by sunlight. • Frank Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt (1912-1913). 8
- 9. Basic history • History of solar photovoltaic • In 1839,Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. • In 1873, Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photocond- uctivity. After ten years, Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency. • In 1954, Bell Labs announced the invention of silicon. • Hoffman Electronics created an 14% efficient solar cell in 1960. 9
- 10. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • STE is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industrial, residential and commercial sectors. • We can harness that energy by collectors – Low-temperature collectors – Medium-temperature collectors – High-temperature collectors 10
- 11. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Low-temperature collectors. – They are flat black plates collectors generally used to preheat swimming pools. It has temperature range 5 to 30 degree. 11
- 12. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Low-temperature collectors. – Swimming pools require a low temperature heat source, which a relatively small solar collector can easily provide. 12
- 13. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors – They are flat plate collectors or tubes and the its temperature range is 30 to 100 degree. – These collectors are specified for a topic called “Solar Water Heating (SWH)” to produce the hot water needed for residential and commercial use. – SWH goes into main systems: » Active SWH systems » Passive SWH systems 13
- 14. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors. 14
- 15. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors – Active SWH systems Systems that use pumps to circulate pressurized potable water directly through the collectors. » Indirect systems Pumps circulate a non- freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger. » Direct systems Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They work well in climates where it rarely freezes. 15
- 16. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors. – Active SWH systems » Indirect system 16
- 17. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors. – Active SWH systems » Direct system 17
- 18. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors. – Passive SWH systems Passive solar water heating systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated. » Thermosiphon systems 18
- 19. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • Medium-temperature collectors. – Passive SWH systems » Integral collector-storage passive systems (ICS) 19
- 20. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. – Collectors that have temperature range above 100 degree – For electric power production, this technique is called “Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)”. 20
- 21. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. – Parabolic trough 21
- 22. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. – Solar power tower 22
- 23. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. – Fresnel reflectors 23
- 24. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. – Parabolic dish 24
- 25. Solar Thermal Energy (STE) • High-temperature collectors. It consists of 258000 mirrors in 2.5Km square that can produce 100 MW and avoid 175000 tons of Co2 each year. 25
- 26. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • Conversion of light into electricity. • Types of solar cells: • Mono-crystalline silicon solar cell • Poly-crystalline silicon solar cell • String ribbon solar cell • Thin-film solar cell (TFSC) • Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell • Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells • Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cells 26
- 27. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Mono-crystalline solar cell Advantage • The efficiency rates of are typically 15-20%. • Live the longest. • Highest power output. Disadvantage • Most expensive. • NO micro-inverters. • Performance suffers as temperature goes up, but less so than polycrystalline solar panels. 27
- 28. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Poly-crystalline solar cell Advantage • Simpler and cost less. • lower heat tolerance than monocrystalline solar panels. • Do not require the Czochralski process. Disadvantage • Efficiency range is 13-16%. • Lower space-efficiency. 28
- 29. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) String ribbon solar cell Advantage • Lower cost in manufacturing. Disadvantage • Efficiency range is 14%. • Lowest space-efficiency. 29
- 30. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Thin-film solar cell Advantage • Mass-production is simple. • High temperatures and shading have less impact. • Can be made flexible. Disadvantage • Efficiency range 7–13%. • Require a lot of space. • Low space-efficiency. 30
- 31. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell. Because of the low power output, it has been used in small-scale application such as pocket calculator. It is efficiency is typically around 6-8%. • Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cell. It is the only type of Thin-film cells that has surpassed the cost-efficiency. Its efficiency operates between 9-11%. • Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cell. It is the most potential in terms of efficiency. These solar cells contain less amounts of the toxic material cadmium that is found in CdTe solar cells. It has efficiency between 10-12%. 31
- 33. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • The air mass coefficient (AM) is commonly used to characterize the performance of solar cells under standardized condition. 33
- 35. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) 35 • Best range of photon energy for Si is between 1.1 to 1.6eV
- 36. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • PV technology can be employed in a variety of applications. • It has two ways to connect a PV system: • On-grid system • Off-grid system 36
- 37. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • On-grid system 37
- 38. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) • Off-grid system 38
- 40. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) 40 • It consists of 330000 solar poly-crystalline modules, it produces 78MW.
- 42. Pros & Cons Pros • Most widely available source of energy. • Very quite. • Affordable in the long run. • No pollution. • High efficiency in large areas. • Low maintenance costs. Cons • High initial cost. • Energy available during daylight hours. • The weather can effect its efficiency. 42
- 43. Environmental impacts • Using solar energy may have some indirect negative impacts on the environment. For example, some toxic materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (PV). • Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one method of determining environmental impacts from PV. Most LCAs of PV have focused on two categories: carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh and energy pay-back time (EPBT). • EPBT = Einput/Esaved • There are three types of impacts: • Impacts of first-generation PV • Impacts of second-generation PV • Impacts of third-generation PV 43
- 44. Environmental impacts • Impacts of first-generation PV » Mono-crystalline Silicon • EPBT ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 years. • The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh ranges from 37.3 to 72.2 grams. » Poly-crystalline silicon • EPBT ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 years. • The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh ranges from 28.5 to 69 grams. 44
- 45. Environmental impacts • Impacts of second-generation PV » Cadmium telluride (CdTe) • EPBT ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 years. • The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh is 18 grams. » Copper Indium Gallium selenide (CIGS) • EPBT ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 years. • The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh from 20.5 – 58.8 grams. 45
- 46. Environmental impacts • Impacts of third-generation PV » Third-generation PVs are designed to combine the advantages of both the first and second generation devices. » It has a range of 24–1500 grams CO2- eq/kWh electricity production. Similarly, reported EPBT of the published paper range from 0.2 to 15 years. » Organic and polymer photovoltaic (OPV) has an efficiency of 2%, the EPBT ranged from 0.29–0.52 years. The average CO2- eq/kWh for OPV is 54.922 grams. 46
- 47. Environmental impacts • In 2015, 27.4 CO2 emissions were avoided due to 38.4 TWh PV electricity consumed in Germany. 47
- 48. Environmental impacts – Solar thermal impacts Some solar thermal systems use potentially dangerous fluids to transfer heat. And for the CSP like in the beam of sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam. 48
- 49. Economy of solar energy 49 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Growth of SWH
- 50. Economy of solar energy 50 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Global distribution of SWH
- 51. Economy of solar energy 51 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Costs of SWH
- 52. Economy of solar energy 52 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Savings of SWH
- 53. Economy of solar energy 53 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Growth of CSP
- 54. Economy of solar energy 54 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Global distribution of CSP
- 55. Economy of solar energy 55 • Solar Thermal Energy (STE) – Costs of CSP
- 56. Economy of solar energy 56 • Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Growth
- 57. Economy of solar energy 57 • Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Global distribution
- 58. Economy of solar energy 58 • Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Costs
- 59. Economy of solar energy 59 • Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – savings
- 60. Economy of solar energy 60
- 61. Economy of solar energy 61
- 62. Economy of solar energy 62
- 63. 63
Editor's Notes
- My name is Mohammad Alkour, a senior student studying Energy Systems Engineering at Girne American University in Northern Cyprus.
- Introduction: gives you a general idea about the solar energy. The sun: talks about the solar radiation and its waves Basic history: talks about the solar energies history basically STE: It is a kind of solar energy that is harnessed by different kind of collectors to produce thermal energy. PV: It is a kind of solar energy that is harnessed by PV panels to generate electricity. Economy: talks about the growth, savings and cost of solar systems.
- Solar energy has a big history. Everybody thinks that solar energy energy tech. is new, actually is not!! It spans from the 7th cen. B.C. . At that time, they were using magnifying glass to concentrate the sun’s rays to make fire, and in the 3rd cen B.C., Romans and Greeks were using burning mirrors to light torches. Solar energy is considered as one of the renewable energy sources, it is totally depends on the sun, wherever the sun is available there is an energy either a heat energy that prosuce thermal energy or photon energy that can activate the electrons o the panles whch made of a specific type of a semi-conductor.
- The solar energy comes from the sun, the sun is an important renewable source , and its tech. broadly characterized as either passive solar which is about orienting a building to the sun or active solar which is all about PV, CSP and SWH. The sun emits 174000TW, 30% reflected back to the space, the rest is absorbed by the oceans and lands.
- EM is the electromagnetic radiation that the sun emits. As you see here, its radiation consists of 3 different waves, Ultra-voilet (UV) which is has 8%, visible one that we can take the energy from it has a percentage of 42.3% and the rest for the infrared wave. Irradiance is the power per unit area received from the sun in form of EM.
- As you see here, the solar Irradiance is concentrated at the equator. And as you go up or down, it decreases gradually.
- History of STE has established by Mouchot, he invented the earliest solar thermal plant which convert solar energy into mechanical energy. In 1860, he began exploring solar cooking, further experiments involved a water-filled cauldron, as you see in the right o the slide, in glass and it is exposed to the sun until the water is boiled so, a steam is produced, and that steam steam can run a small steam engine.
- The first inst. Of solar thermal was in Sahara which is in North Africa by Shuman, that project was run on steam, but because of liquid fuel was ore developed and more convenient, that project was abandoned. Between 1912 and 1913, Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power plant in Maadi in Egypt, It was producing 60-70 Horsepower and pumped 6000 gallons from the Nile river to adjecnt cotton field.
- In 1839, Edmod observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. Then, in 1873, Smith finds that Selenium shows conductivity. After 10 years, Fritts develops a solar cell using a selenium with an eff. of 1%. In 1954, Bell Labs announce the invention of silicon. In1959, Hoffman Electronics created a solar silicon cell wuth an efficeicy of 10% then he developed it to 14%. Thus it is still on that value.
- STE is a form of energy that harnessed to generate elec. And thermal power for the ind. , comm. and dom. Sectors. There are types of collectors that can absorb the heat enrgy and each ne depends on the temp. that we want to get.
- They are simple, it has two kinds, flat and tubes, they are generally used for the swimming pools and ventilation air preheating, it has range between 5 to 30.
- As you see here, this system is for swimming pool to preheat it consists of solar collectors , pump and valves. It flows through of the collector where it is heated then it goes to the pool and return back.
- They are flat or evacuated tubes, its temp. is between 30 to 100. These collectors used for a topic called SWH, it is desgined to deliver hot water for all te year for the ind. Comm. and don. uses.
- Before going to the types of the systems, lets clarify the components of the collectors. The flat one which involve a header which distribute the potable water coming from the house to the risers. There is a glazing part made of topped-glass to protect the collector and it is transparent to allow the sun rays to go through. And the absorber plate is made of copper, they use copper because it has high mechanical strength, high conductivity, high resistance and high water corrosion. The evacuated tubs are made double glass around the absorber. The HTF is a water and antifreeze water mixed with non-toxic propylene glycol.
- Active systems uses pumps to circulate the potable water through the collectors. Indirect: circulate a non-freezing, HTF through the collectors and a heat exchanger. Direct: circulate the household water through the collectors. These systems are most expensive, but it has many advantages, the tank can be hidden from the view and that leads to mount the collector wherever we want facing the sun so, there is a freedom of choice putting the collector.
- The controller has many functions, it can calculate the energy saving, it can show you the amount of hot water delivered , the temp. reading and for safety.
- The passive systems don’t use pumps, they rely on the gravity and water tendency to circulate the potable water. They are simple and less costly
- Batch system: it combines between the tank and the collector
- They are different kind of collectors, they are mirrors and lenses. It can produce a temp. above 100 They are under a technique called CSP
- The trough systems are the most developed ones. It consists of a linear parabolic mirrors that concentrate the sun’s light onto the receiver positioned above the middle of the reflectors where the working fluid id heated and go through the cycle shown. They are tacking the sun in a single axis.
- It is a dual-axis system that consists of mirrors arrays that reflect the light to the top of the tower where the working fluid which is sea water is heated to (500 – 1000 degree) to go through the cycle. Feedwater heater (FWH): is pre-heating the steam left from the turbine. That’s could increase the efficiency It less advanced than the trough
- They are thin, flat mirrors that reflect the light onto the receiver positioned above the mirrors. I ts much cheaper than the trough systems. Flat mirrors allow more reflective area as the same amount of troughs
- It consists of a stand-alone dish that reflects the light to the focal point where the working fluid is heated to (250 – 700). Two-axis system
- Here is the largest CSP in Abudhabi. Built by Shams company.
- It is a tech. covers the conversion of light into electricity, when the photon touch the solar cell it active the electrons of a semi-conductor to a higher level, so it can carry a charge to conduct the electricity.
- Czochralski process: is process the make a mono-cell by cutting the four sides od a cell, so that’s waste of silicon, unlike the poly- it doesn’t require Czochralski process, a raw silicon melted and poured int a square mold, cooled and cut out it into wafers od silicon and arrange it in that shape you see.
- Its as same as the poly- but thinner
- Mass-production is a way to produce large quantities of (a standardized article) by an automated mechanical process.
- Cost-efficiency is a productive with a relation of its cost.
- Photon flux: which is the number of electrons are generating.
- There are many applications that PV can contain: PV homes systems, telecommunication, water pumps, transportation, small electronic devices….etc. The way of connection depends on the customer desired, if he wants to make his system independent, this system is called Off-grid, or he wants to make system connected to an electrical station this called On-grid.
- The largest solar PV plant is in western Germany
- EPBT: is the time needed to compensate a renewable or non-renewable for the total energy requirement during its life cycle. E.input: is the energy needed to make a panel which includes 3 types: the energy requirement for manufacturing , the energy requirement for decommissioning and the energy used during the operation. E.saved: is all about the annual total saving due to generating electricity.