SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
The Human Side of
Organizational Policies:
Creating a Culture of Caring,
Connection and Support
Dr. Emmanuel Imafidon
2
Discussion Outline
1
2
3
Organizational Policies and
Organization Culture
Positive Organization Culture: A
Business Imperative
Creating A Positive Organization
Culture
Org. Culture & Org. Policies
3
Organizational Culture
Beliefs, assumptions,
values and ways of
interacting that
contribute to the unique
social and psychological
environment of an org.
Organizational Policies
They define what is or is
not permitted within the
organization: they
establish expectations
and limitations related to
behavior.
Factors Shaping Org. Culture
4
Internal External
• Industry standards
• Economic conditions
• Legal ramifications
• Technology
• Etc.
• Founder's values/beliefs
• Size & development
stage of the business
• Leadership &
Management Style
• Structure, policies &
practices
• Employee & management
reward structures
• Etc.
Positive Organization Culture
5
• A Positive Corporate Culture lays the foundations for a
Positive Work Culture. Both are driven by foundations of:
wellbeing & performance based on the principles of
commitment, trust and engagement.
• A Positive Org. Culture provides for the elements of the
human side of business organizations. These include:
meaningful work; a sense of purpose; identity (authenticity);
family life and health.
• Generic needs of a typical worker include: need to
belong; need to feel approved; need for meaning; need for
the workplace to offer a platform to realize individual
ambitions.
Business Case for a Positive Org. Culture
6
• Cost of employee disengagement
• Effects of low employee loyalty
• Stress-induced health care costs
• Attraction of talent
• Collaboration
• Higher job satisfaction & employee morale
• Work performance – higher productivity
Creating A Positive Organization Culture
7
• Emphasis on employee
wellness
• Provide meaning
• Clarity on goals
• Encourage positivity
• Foster social connections
• Foster open
communication; listen • Recognize
Accomplishments
• Cultivate Trust
• Respect Employees as
Human Beings
The following should be factored into organizational
policies for enhanced caring, connection and support
8

More Related Content

What's hot

C5 -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
C5  -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_C5  -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
C5 -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
Ezzy Izzuddin
 
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzálezRisk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
Pilar de Torres Gimeno
 
Factors influencing business ethics
Factors influencing business ethicsFactors influencing business ethics
Factors influencing business ethics
Hari Krishna
 
Pb503 business ethics
Pb503 business ethicsPb503 business ethics
Pb503 business ethics
ros_aniyusof
 
Myths about Business Ethics
Myths about Business EthicsMyths about Business Ethics
Myths about Business Ethics
The DSEF
 

What's hot (20)

business Ethics
business Ethicsbusiness Ethics
business Ethics
 
C5 -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
C5  -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_C5  -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
C5 -organizational_ethics_compatibility_mode_
 
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzálezRisk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
Risk management ethics and values in business josé ignacio gonzález
 
Presentation on Business Ethics
Presentation on Business EthicsPresentation on Business Ethics
Presentation on Business Ethics
 
Business Ethics
 Business Ethics Business Ethics
Business Ethics
 
Ethics and culture
Ethics and cultureEthics and culture
Ethics and culture
 
Business Ethics
Business EthicsBusiness Ethics
Business Ethics
 
BBA 205: Business Ethics & CSR
BBA 205: Business Ethics & CSRBBA 205: Business Ethics & CSR
BBA 205: Business Ethics & CSR
 
Ethics in management
Ethics in managementEthics in management
Ethics in management
 
Chapter 7
Chapter 7Chapter 7
Chapter 7
 
Business ethics
Business ethicsBusiness ethics
Business ethics
 
Organizational ethics
Organizational ethicsOrganizational ethics
Organizational ethics
 
If presentation
If presentationIf presentation
If presentation
 
Factors influencing business ethics
Factors influencing business ethicsFactors influencing business ethics
Factors influencing business ethics
 
Pb503 business ethics
Pb503 business ethicsPb503 business ethics
Pb503 business ethics
 
Business Ethics
Business EthicsBusiness Ethics
Business Ethics
 
Managerial ethics
Managerial ethicsManagerial ethics
Managerial ethics
 
Business Ethics
Business  EthicsBusiness  Ethics
Business Ethics
 
Organization Culture and Ethics
Organization Culture and EthicsOrganization Culture and Ethics
Organization Culture and Ethics
 
Myths about Business Ethics
Myths about Business EthicsMyths about Business Ethics
Myths about Business Ethics
 

Similar to The Human Side Of Organizational Policies - Emmanuel imafidon

Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptxOrg culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
NidhiBhatnagar19
 
Business ethics and Corporate Governance
Business ethics and Corporate GovernanceBusiness ethics and Corporate Governance
Business ethics and Corporate Governance
saadiakh
 
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdrEthics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
taduranharleydave80
 
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdftjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
 
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdftjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
NidhiBhatnagar19
 
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptxOrg Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
jzellis05
 

Similar to The Human Side Of Organizational Policies - Emmanuel imafidon (20)

Business ethics ppt for students (1)
Business ethics ppt for students (1)Business ethics ppt for students (1)
Business ethics ppt for students (1)
 
Business Ethics
Business EthicsBusiness Ethics
Business Ethics
 
Business ethics
Business ethicsBusiness ethics
Business ethics
 
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptxBus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
 
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptxBus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
Bus Ethics Chapter three.pptx
 
Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptxOrg culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
Org culture and ethics2042013,..ggg.pptx
 
Business ethics and corporate governance
Business ethics and corporate governanceBusiness ethics and corporate governance
Business ethics and corporate governance
 
Organizational Culture ppt
Organizational Culture pptOrganizational Culture ppt
Organizational Culture ppt
 
Otsd
OtsdOtsd
Otsd
 
Introduction to ethics, business ethics and csr
Introduction to ethics, business ethics and csrIntroduction to ethics, business ethics and csr
Introduction to ethics, business ethics and csr
 
Business ethics
Business ethicsBusiness ethics
Business ethics
 
Businessethicsandcg 130519002031-phpapp02
Businessethicsandcg 130519002031-phpapp02Businessethicsandcg 130519002031-phpapp02
Businessethicsandcg 130519002031-phpapp02
 
Business ethics and Corporate Governance
Business ethics and Corporate GovernanceBusiness ethics and Corporate Governance
Business ethics and Corporate Governance
 
01. An overview of business ethics
01. An overview of business ethics01. An overview of business ethics
01. An overview of business ethics
 
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdrEthics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
Ethics6374 W1.pptxxxxxcxcccxccccfcfffhfdr
 
MOTIVATION.pptx
MOTIVATION.pptxMOTIVATION.pptx
MOTIVATION.pptx
 
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdftjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
 
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdftjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
tjneworg ethics in org.-210128100842.pdf
 
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptxOrg Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
Org Environments & Corporate Culture CANVAS (2).pptx
 
Business ethics & work ethos
Business ethics &  work ethosBusiness ethics &  work ethos
Business ethics & work ethos
 

Recently uploaded

Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
Angela Justice, PhD
 
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝bhavnagar🔝 Esc...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝bhavnagar🔝   Esc...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝bhavnagar🔝   Esc...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝bhavnagar🔝 Esc...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night StandCall Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
only4webmaster01
 
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Bulandshahr🔝 ...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Bulandshahr🔝  ...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Bulandshahr🔝  ...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Bulandshahr🔝 ...
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Nandyal🔝 Escorts...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Nandyal🔝   Escorts...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Nandyal🔝   Escorts...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Nandyal🔝 Escorts...
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Pallavaram🔝 E...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Pallavaram🔝   E...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Pallavaram🔝   E...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Pallavaram🔝 E...
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tumkur🔝 Escorts S...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tumkur🔝   Escorts S...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tumkur🔝   Escorts S...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tumkur🔝 Escorts S...
amitlee9823
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Ambegaon Khurd 6297143586 Call Hot In...
Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Ambegaon Khurd  6297143586 Call Hot In...Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Ambegaon Khurd  6297143586 Call Hot In...
Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Ambegaon Khurd 6297143586 Call Hot In...
 
WhatsApp 📞 8448380779 ✅Call Girls In Salarpur Sector 81 ( Noida)
WhatsApp 📞 8448380779 ✅Call Girls In Salarpur Sector 81 ( Noida)WhatsApp 📞 8448380779 ✅Call Girls In Salarpur Sector 81 ( Noida)
WhatsApp 📞 8448380779 ✅Call Girls In Salarpur Sector 81 ( Noida)
 
Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
Simple, 3-Step Strategy to Improve Your Executive Presence (Even if You Don't...
 
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWNGuide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
 
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
 
Brand Analysis for reggaeton artist Jahzel.
Brand Analysis for reggaeton artist Jahzel.Brand Analysis for reggaeton artist Jahzel.
Brand Analysis for reggaeton artist Jahzel.
 
Personal Brand Exploration ppt.- Ronnie Jones
Personal Brand  Exploration ppt.- Ronnie JonesPersonal Brand  Exploration ppt.- Ronnie Jones
Personal Brand Exploration ppt.- Ronnie Jones
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝bhavnagar🔝 Esc...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝bhavnagar🔝   Esc...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝bhavnagar🔝   Esc...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ bhavnagar Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝bhavnagar🔝 Esc...
 
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
 
Presentation for the country presentation
Presentation for the country presentationPresentation for the country presentation
Presentation for the country presentation
 
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night StandCall Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
Call Girls In Madiwala ☎ 7737669865 🥵 Book Your One night Stand
 
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
Call Girls Bidadi ☎ 7737669865☎ Book Your One night Stand (Bangalore)
 
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 9155563397 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
 
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
Nagavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangalore Es...
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Bulandshahr🔝 ...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Bulandshahr🔝  ...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Bulandshahr🔝  ...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Bulandshahr Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Bulandshahr🔝 ...
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Nandyal🔝 Escorts...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Nandyal🔝   Escorts...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Nandyal🔝   Escorts...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Nandyal Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Nandyal🔝 Escorts...
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Pallavaram🔝 E...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Pallavaram🔝   E...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Pallavaram🔝   E...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Pallavaram Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Pallavaram🔝 E...
 
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai KokoDubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tumkur🔝 Escorts S...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tumkur🔝   Escorts S...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tumkur🔝   Escorts S...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tumkur Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tumkur🔝 Escorts S...
 

The Human Side Of Organizational Policies - Emmanuel imafidon

  • 1. The Human Side of Organizational Policies: Creating a Culture of Caring, Connection and Support Dr. Emmanuel Imafidon
  • 2. 2 Discussion Outline 1 2 3 Organizational Policies and Organization Culture Positive Organization Culture: A Business Imperative Creating A Positive Organization Culture
  • 3. Org. Culture & Org. Policies 3 Organizational Culture Beliefs, assumptions, values and ways of interacting that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an org. Organizational Policies They define what is or is not permitted within the organization: they establish expectations and limitations related to behavior.
  • 4. Factors Shaping Org. Culture 4 Internal External • Industry standards • Economic conditions • Legal ramifications • Technology • Etc. • Founder's values/beliefs • Size & development stage of the business • Leadership & Management Style • Structure, policies & practices • Employee & management reward structures • Etc.
  • 5. Positive Organization Culture 5 • A Positive Corporate Culture lays the foundations for a Positive Work Culture. Both are driven by foundations of: wellbeing & performance based on the principles of commitment, trust and engagement. • A Positive Org. Culture provides for the elements of the human side of business organizations. These include: meaningful work; a sense of purpose; identity (authenticity); family life and health. • Generic needs of a typical worker include: need to belong; need to feel approved; need for meaning; need for the workplace to offer a platform to realize individual ambitions.
  • 6. Business Case for a Positive Org. Culture 6 • Cost of employee disengagement • Effects of low employee loyalty • Stress-induced health care costs • Attraction of talent • Collaboration • Higher job satisfaction & employee morale • Work performance – higher productivity
  • 7. Creating A Positive Organization Culture 7 • Emphasis on employee wellness • Provide meaning • Clarity on goals • Encourage positivity • Foster social connections • Foster open communication; listen • Recognize Accomplishments • Cultivate Trust • Respect Employees as Human Beings The following should be factored into organizational policies for enhanced caring, connection and support
  • 8. 8