strategies for conservation of coral reefs

1. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1
Conservation strategies
for coral reef ecosystem
FRM – 506
Aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity

2. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2
Deep water
reefs or
mounds are
less known
25 % of
ocean’s fish
depend on
healthy coral
reefs
Tropical rain
forests of the
sea

3. Anthropogenic interventions
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3
Incredible
destruction
Over
population
Overfishing
Sewage
disposal
Corporate
use

4. 





8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4

5. 





8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 5

6. El Nino
Sea surface warming
Coral
bleaching
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 6

7. Threats – GOM& Palk Bay
 47 fishing villages
 Reef fishery, Chank fishery, pearl fishery, ornamental shell trade, illegal
mining of corals
 Trawl net fishing , gill net fishing
 Coral mining- Calcium carbonate industry
 Annually 15000 tonnes of coral stones are removed (Venkata- ramanujam
et al, 1981
 Large scale quarrying until 1979
 Acropora Formosa fragments are collected for lime preparation
 Destruction of live corals
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 7

8. Threats – GOM& Palk Bay
 Seaweed collection for agar- agar manufacturing units
 Tourism associated disturbances- minimal
 Tourism market
 Population pressure
 Untreated sewage disposal- bacterial infection
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 8

9. Threats – A&N Islands
 Fishing: Andamanese- bows and arrows: Nicobarese- spears
 Business opportunists and tourists
 Pollution from Chatham saw mill
 Rapid industrialization
 Increasing discharge of sewage
 Trampling of corals by snorkellers and swimmers
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 9

10. Threats – A&N Islands
 Anchoring boats
 Unplanned collection of shells and corals
 Commercial exploitation of fishes
 Settler communities- poor knowledge on coral reefs
 Indigenous knowledge lies in tribal communities- not exposed
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 0

11. Threats – Gulf of Kutch
 Commercial exploitation of coral sands- cement industry
 Felling of mangroves- sediment load increased
 Fishing in the park- sanctuary area
 Killing fish through chemicals
 Rise in population of fishing community
 Over exploitation of breeding grounds
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 1

12. Threats – Lakshadweep
 Coral shingle bricks - building materials
 Blasting and dredging in lagoons for navigational channel
 Tourism
 Garbage and sewage disposal
 Collection of souvenirs
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 2

13. Reefs in India Status Research Perceived threats
Palk bay Slow recovery from 60’s
coral mining
Bio- physical aspects Population pressure and
associated effects
Gulf of Mannar Slow recovery from 60’s
coral mining
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Population pressure and
associated effects
Andaman &
Nicobar
Fair excellent, problems
around south island
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Siltation due to logging, sand
mining
Lakshadweep Excellent off uninhabited
islands and endangered
along habituated island
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Population pressure and
associated effects
Gulf of Kutch 30% of the reefs are living Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Sedimentation and siltation
due to cutting of mangrove
forests, sand mining for
industrial use, population
pressure
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 3

14. Marine
Protected
areas
Integrated
Coastal
Management
Multilateral
environment
Agreements
Better
governance
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 4

15. Local
governance
and
communities
Improve
education
and
awareness
Reduce
population
reduce
poverty
Assisting in
development
of developing
countries
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 5

16. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 6
Integration
Training
Educating
Report writing

17. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 7
Reduce sediments & nutrients
Protect breeding grounds
Sustainable reef fisheries
Provide alternative livelihoods

18. Planning,
enforcing
Resistant
and resilient
corals
Demonstrate
benefits
Community
management
& local
governance
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 8

19. International sanctuaries
Florida keys national
marine sanctuaries
Flower
garden
banks
national
marine
sanctuary
Hawaiian island
humpback whale
sanctuary
Fagatele
bay national
marine
sanctuary
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1 9

20. ICRI
CBD
NAWEG
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 0
WCO
IPCO
SPREP

21. 






8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 1

22. “Mission: Iconic reefs”
 Launched by NOAA
 To save Florida Keys coral reefs
 To recover the seven iconic reefs
 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida
department of Environmental protection, coral restoration
foundation, Florida aquarium, The nature conservancy, Reef
Renewal and the National Marine Sanctuary foundation
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 2

23. Continuation….
 Removal of coral’s competitor - Palythoa
 Out plantation of variety of coral species
 Introduction of beneficial predators- sea urchin, Caribbean king crab
 Appointment of gardeners – remove marine debris, nuisance
species
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 3

24. 




8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 4

25. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 5

26. 



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8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 6

27. 


8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 7

28. 


8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 8

29. 
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

8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 2 9

30. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 0

31. Mapping
Monitoring
Analyzing
Restoration
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 1

32. SRP CORail (April 2020)
Artificial concrete reef
Sulu –reef prosthesis
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 2

33. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 3
Global coral reef
extent map
Arizona State
University Centre
for Global Discovery
and Conservation
Science
Airborne mapping of
coral reefs

34. Department of forest and wildlife – monitor,
manage and conserve reefs
MoEF, GOI- develop action plan, issues guidelines
National committee for mangrove and wetland
conservation
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 4

35. India’s National Conservation Strategy and
Environmental Action Plan(UNDP, 1997) –
management of coral reef ecosystem
Wildlife protection Act- 1972
Coastal regulation zone notification - 1991
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 5

36. Institutions involved in coral reef research
in India
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 6
Department of ocean development
Space application centre
Zoological Survey of India
CMFRI
NIO
World- wide fund for Nature India

37. Government of Tamil Nadu – banned the quarrying of massive
corals
Krusudai island- marine organism collection banned
MPAs, marine biospheres – state department of forest and wildlife
GoM- marine biosphere (21 islands –reserve lands) – sec. 26 of Tn
Forest Act
Islands and Sea around the islands up to 3.5 to 5 fathom depth-
national park
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 7

38. Zoning for tourism development
 Man-power development- SCUBA diving facilities
 People centered development and sustainable management of
biodiversity, management research
 M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation – GEF
 Co-management initiatives
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 8

39. All coral reefs- national marine parks
Unprotected area – Department of Fisheries
Restrict the entry of people into the parks
Tourists are allowed – Redskin and jollyboy Islands
Ban on gathering corals and endangered mollusks
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 9

40. 42 islands along Coast of Jamnagar- first national marine parks
1st notification – 221 sq km sanctuary
2nd notification – 237 sq km
National park- department of forest
Ban on collecting corals and endangered marine species
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4 0

41. India’s atoll Union territory
Department of science, technology and environment- EIA report
Department of science, technology and environment- periodic
awareness programs
Development of appropriate sewage disposal system
Appointment of Environmental wardens and wildlife wardens
Management plan for coral reefs – administration of Lakshadweep
8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4 1

42.  www.fao.org


 www.globalcoral.org
 www.coral.org

8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4 2

43. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4 3