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Woman empowerment
- 1. WOMAN EMPOWERMENT By Meenakshi Singhvi Deputy Director, All India Radio
- 2. It is impossible to think about the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved -Swami Vivekananda
- 3. • From the moment a child is born, the gender identity has an impact on his/her personal as well as social life. • The term gender refers to economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female. • It is a social concept and changes over a period of time, from one culture.
- 4. • Traditionally, it was believed that the gender differences are ‘natural’ and that certain behaviors are justified and unchangeable as a result of their different capabilities, talents and choices • Weaker sex, who need special protection. • Denying woman equal rights in society was justified However, It is not True. • Gender differences are not natural as it was believed, but an outcome of the mindset of our present society.
- 5. WOMEN STATUS IN THE ANCIENT INDIA • It’s said during the ancient India, women enjoyed equivalent status & rights like their males counterparts. In addition they were properly educated in the early Vedic period. • Women also had the freedom to select their husbands ‘Swayamvar.’ In fact during this time, women had superior position than the males.
- 6. WOMEN STATUS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA • The status of women in India deteriorated during the medieval period Several evil practices such as female infanticide, sati and child marriage were practiced during this period. • Polygamy was also common during this period. • Women also excelled in literature, music and arts. They were also rulers during this period.
- 7. WOMEN STATUS IN MODERN INDIA • The position and status of women all over the world has risen incredibly in the 20th century. • They’re enjoying the ‘ladies first’ facility in different fields. However, some problems such as dowry, domestic violence, sex selective abortion, female infanticide are still prevalent. So still lot of things to be done.
- 8. WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT • Women empowerment can be defined in very simple words that it is making women powerful so that they can take their own decisions regarding their lives and well being in the family and society.
- 9. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT • Have complete control of their life, both within and outside of their home and workplace, • To make their own choices and decisions, Freely live their life with a sense of self-worth, respect and dignity, • Have equal rights to participate in social, religious and public activities, • Have equal social status in the society, • Determine financial and economic choices, • Get equal opportunity for education, • Get equal employment opportunity without any gender bias, • Get safe and comfortable working environment,
- 10. WHY NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA • The need of women empowerment arose because of the gender discrimination and male domination in the Indian society since ancient time. • Empowerment of Women would result in better and more developed society. When women contribute equally along with men for the benefit of society, the world would surely become a better place to live.
- 11. • Under-employed and unemployed • Equally competent and intelligent WHY NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA
- 12. • Overall development of society • Reduction in domestic violence WHY NEED OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA
- 14. INVISIBILISATION OF WOMAN’S WORK
- 15. WOMEN IN URBAN AREA • Women are playing bigger and bigger role in economic field: as workers, consumers, entrepreneurs, managers and investor. • However, woman who are working in various capacities in offices, school, hospitals etc have to manage their household, look after their children and also ensure that their jobs or professional commitments are taken care of. • Though their economic independence enable them to hire servants to help them partly. A new pattern is emerging in which both partners work outside the home but do not share equally in housework and child care as we see in Western families.
- 16. LACK OF EDUCATION • Compared to boys, far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools and many of them drop out • No higher education – up to Higher secondary • 74.04% only, male 82.14% female 65.46% • Poor literacy – gender gap in literacy rate
- 17. UNEQUAL REMUNERATION • Even when well qualified women are available, preference is given to a male candidate of equal qualifications. A gender bias creates an obstacle at the recruitment stage itself. When it comes to remuneration, though the law proclaims equality, it is not always practiced. – Working environment – Working in odd hours – Sexual harassment
- 18. FEMALE FOETICIDE • In 2011, sex ratio is crashed to 914.
- 19. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN • Domestic Violence’ includes harms or injuries which endangers women’s health, safety, life. It may be mental or physical. • It may also be through physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse. • Dowry, rape, and various other issues. • Protection of Women - Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The Domestic Violence Act recognizes abuse be physical as well as mental.
- 20. DETRIMENTAL CULTURAL PRACTICES • After marriage – husbands are dominating • Dominance from In-laws family / members • Never / rarely considered for any decision making • Can not support her parents • Limitations in continuing relationships with brothers / sisters / relatives • Being divorcee is a taboo due to patriarchal attitudes
- 21. HOW TO EMPOWER WOMEN? • Women education • Female education also contributes towards health and well- being of the family. • They can afford to offer quality nutrition to their children. • They know their rights and are able to defend themselves better. The only way a woman can live without being judged by society is when she have a good career. Let them study and choose the career they want and you 'll be surprised how good they can be even in the male dominating jobs.
- 22. HOW TO EMPOWER WOMEN? • Economic independence – The bottom line to women's status in India (or elsewhere in the world) is the level of economic independence. • freedom and dignity – Freedom means each person in every role respects the other's liberty and dignity. This respect should be accorded both at work and at home. Unfortunately, conceptions of freedom and dignity are not yet known, – The idea that women should choose their life, their career, their gods, their husbands, their future – Eve teasing, Rape, honor killing, female foeticide all of them are the result of men not respecting women.
- 23. HOW TO EMPOWER WOMEN? • Create safe workplaces • Raise voice against gender inequality • Job skills (Vocational training) • Create more part-time job opportunities
- 24. STEREOTYPE THINKING OF INDIAN MEN • She should take care of all house hold works. • Not allowed to go for training or too purse hobby etc which is important for their confidence and self development. • Normally second priority is given to woman’s job. • She should always follow the family first principal, for that matter leave the job if required. Their work is not appreciated at home. At the work-place, a working woman experiences sexual harassment from colleagues and her higher officers. When a woman is praised for her work or promoted on merit, her advancement is often attributed to sexual favours.
- 25. HOW TO EMPOWER WOMEN? • Join politics and lead India – Unless educated women rise and start leading and influencing the public debate, how will durable change occur? It is not enough for men to advocate on behalf of women. Women must demand the necessary change.
- 27. 1 The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 came into force in December 2013, to prevent Harassment of women at workplace. PROHIBITION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT THE WORKPLACE
- 28. OBJECTIVE OF THE ACT • The Act is enacted by the Indian Parliament to provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment
- 29. “SEXUAL HARASSMENT “ UNDER NEW LAW A demandor request for sexual favors Sexual Harassment Showing pornography Unwelcome physical,verbal or non-verbal conductof sexual nature Makingsexually coloredremarks Physicalcontact andadvances
- 30. The “workplace” Workplace Government owned/controlled establishments Hospitals/ Nursinghomes Privatesector organisations Sports institutes, stadiums,training institutions Dwelling placein caseofadomestic worker AND… Vocational/ Educational Institutions TheSexual HarassmentofWomen at Workplace(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
- 31. PROHIBITION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT THE WORKPLACE • Mandatory for establishments employing 10 or more employees • ICC to be appointed by an order in writing • At least ½ of the membership of the ICC to be women • ICC to prepare and submit an annual report to the employer and the District Officer
- 32. INTERNAL COMPLAINTS COMMITTEE Presiding Officer–Seniorwomanemployeefromthe workplace/otheradminunits/office/organisations. 2 Members– Committed to thecauseofwomen OnememberfromanNGO/otherwomen’s organisation/familiarwith issues relating to sexual harassment. ICC
- 33. COMPLAINT PROCEDURE • A complaint of sexual harassment can be filed within a time limit of 3 months. • The Committee is required to complete the inquiry within a time period of 90 days. • In case the complaint has been found proved, then the Committee [ICC or LCC, as the case may be] can recommend action in accordance with the provision of service rules applicable to the respondent
- 34. INTERIM MEASURE As an interim measure, ICC may recommend • The transfer of the aggrieved woman or the respondent to another section or Department as deemed fit by the Committee. • grant leave to the aggrieved woman upto a period of three months or : • restrain the respondent from exercising any administrative authority or supervision or academic evaluation of the aggrieved woman. • d) grant such other relief to the aggrieved woman as the case may require.
- 35. CORRECTIVE ACTION IF FOUND GUILTY • Formal apology • Counselling • Written warning to the perpetrator and a copy of it maintained in the employee’s file • Change of work assignment / transfer for either the perpetrator or the victim • Suspension or termination of services of the employee found guilty of the offence • The committee may suggest the Head of the institution to take disciplinary action against the complainant if the complaint is found to be false / fake on investigation. • The employer shall act upon the recommendation of the committee within sixty days of its receipt.
- 36. MY SUGGESTIONS • Give time to yourself. • Pursue your hobbies. • Give your health/fitness a first priority. • Follow your dreams. • Read good books. • Show true professionalism at work place. • Don’t depend on your male colleague for office works. • Make your own identity in office & family. • Please don’t be superwoman.
- 37. CONCLUSION • Cohesive living Change is inevitable. We have seen many changes that have taken place in history and they continue. The traditional status and role sets of women are breaking up and new role-sets based on achievement, independence and equality are gradually coming up.
- 38. Quiz 1. The First woman prime minister of India Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi
- 39. 2. The First woman president of India Pratibha PatilI Quiz
- 40. 3. The first woman to become the governor of an Indian state Sarojini Naidu Quiz
- 41. 4. First Indian Woman to receive Nobel Prize Mother Teresa Quiz
- 42. 5. First woman IPS officer. Kiran Bedi Quiz
- 43. 6. The great heroine of the First war of India Freedom. Lakshmibai, The Rani of Jhansi Quiz
- 44. 8. She is the first woman to be the Chairperson of State Bank of India. In 2014, she was listed as the 36th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. Arundhati Bhattacharya Quiz
- 45. 9. The first Indian female physician, to be trained in the tradition of Western medicine. Dr. Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi Quiz
- 46. Sucheta Kriplani 10. The First woman Chief Minister in India Quiz
- 47. 11. The first indian woman in space. Kalpana Chawla Quiz
- 48. Thank you.
Editor's Notes
- In USA girls are raised in different manner, with different expectations and values, than girls in India.
- It is very unfortunate that while people of most of the nations have changed their mindset and given equal status to demads , India is still quite behind. Though as per constitution women are eligible for equal rights in all fields, traditionally due to conservation thinking of our people woman are still struggling to gain same status as man.
- Some great-women rulers were Razia Sultana who was the only women-monarch to-rule-the throne of Delhi, Nur Jahan, Gond queen Durgavati who ruled for fifteen years before she was defeated in a battle by Ali emperor Akbar’s. Nur Jahan is still considered as the most effective ruler by the society. In spite of these powerful women, the condition of poor women remained the same. At this time girl were forced to get married at a very tender age. The society also practiced Sati where women were forced to jump over the burning bodies of their husbands during funerals. The southern India also practiced Devdasi tradition where girls were forced get married to trees or deity.
- A long struggle going back over a century has brought women the property rights, voting rights, an equality in civil rights before the law in matters of marriage and employment (in India women had not to struggle for voting rights as we find in other countries). In addition to the above rights, in India, the customs of purdha (veil system), child marriage, sati system (self-immolation by the women with their husbands), the state of permanent widowhood were either totally removed or checked to an appreciable extent after independence through legislative measures.
- But what does it really mean to empower women? Is it political empowerment? Economic empowerment? Social empowerment? In fact, these categories are not mutually exclusive. They are mutually reinforcing. To “empower women” means to give them power or increase the overall position, status and condition of women in every sphere of life. The barriers preventing women’s empowerment extend beyond individuals – there are institutional and systemic reasons why women in some societies cannot participate freely. To break down these barriers, individuals have to work together to reform the laws, social norms, or whichever institutions are inhibiting women’s productivity.
- Almost 50% of the population in India is covered by the female only so the full development of the country depends on the half population means women, who are not empowered and still restricted by many social taboos. In such condition, we cannot say that our country would be a developed in the future without empowering its half population means women. If we want to make our country a developed country, first of all it is very necessary to empower women by the efforts of men, government, laws and women too.
- Women population constitutes around 50% of the world population. A large number of women around the world are unemployed. The world economy suffers a lot because of the unequal opportunity for women at workplaces. Women are as talented as men. Previously, women were not allowed higher education like men and hence their talents were wasted. But nowadays, they are also allowed to go for higher studies and it encourages women to show their talents which will not only benefit her individually but to the whole world at large.
- Women are increasingly participating in the national development process. They are making the nation proud by their outstanding performances in almost every sphere including medical science, social service, engineering, etc 4. Overall development of society: The main advantage of Women Empowerment is that there will be an overall development of the society. The money that women earn does not only help them and or their family, but it also helps to develop the society.
- Household chores, taking care of the child or aged are unrecognized and undervalued as real work. These kind of works are generally done by women and they do not get paid for it.(their duty) Performed within private sphere, which leads to non payment. If performed in public spehere would be recognized, paid. So location of the work is important in determining the ‘economic’ value of the task.
- The facts about working wives suggest a basic change in Indian family. The traditional (nuclear) household, in which the husband works and the wife remains at home to care for the children, though still a dominant pattern, is changing gradually but steadily. A new pattern is emerging in which both partners work outside the home but do not share equally in housework and child care as we see in Western families. In India, the paternalistic attitude of the male has not undergone much change.
- Lack of education and awareness, Socio-economic status, alcohol abuse. Sometimes children who witness one parent abusing the other tend to abuse later in life. We all know that girls are now doing better at school than boys. The annual results of Secondary and Higher Secondary Board examinations reveal this fact. More women are getting degrees than men, and are filling most new jobs in every field.
- The inbuilt conviction that women are incapable of handling arduous jobs and are less efficient than men influences the payment of unequal salaries and wages for the same job. But yes ..in few kind of jobs they are given priority like nursing, teaching etc.
- Studies show a sharp drop in the sex ratio after the introduction of ultrasound machines, used for determining the sex of foetuses, resulting in selective abortion of female foetuses. And here comes in the truly shameful part — it is not the poorest and least literate areas and communities that are killing off their infant girls; in fact the reverse is true.
- Physical abuse such as slapping, beating, arm twisting, stabbing, strangling, burning, choking, kicking, threats with an object or weapon, and murder. It also includes traditional practices harmful to women such as female genital mutilation and wife inheritance (the practice of passing a widow, and her property, to her dead husband’s brother). b). Sexual abuse such as coerced sex through threats, intimidation or physical force, forcing unwanted sexual acts or forcing sex with others. c). Psychological abuse which includes behavior that is intended to intimidate and persecute, and takes the form of threats of abandonment or abuse, confinement to the home, surveillance, threats to take away custody of the children, destruction of objects, isolation, verbal aggression and constant humiliation. d). Economic abuse includes acts such as the denial of funds, refusal to contribute financially, denial of food and basic needs, and controlling access to health care, employment, etc. Women married to men who get drunk frequently are more than twice as likely to experience violence as women whose husbands do not drink alcohol at all.
- Unaware of their legal status: Women are generally not aware of the provisions related to the improvement of their own position. Even if they know about some of the provisions related to their rights of succession, marriage, or family, they do not desire to invoke them. Traditional dominance of the authority of the male parents, husband, and other elder members of the family often restricts the enjoyment of their legal rights by the women. The materialization of these problems still depends largely upon the attitudinal changes in society.
- Woman’s right should be treated as human rights.
- Women can be empowered through the creation of safe working environment. The workplaces should be safe for the female members of the society. People will like to send their daughters and wives to work if they are assured of safe environment at workplaces. : Women can be empowered by decreasing the gender inequalities or disparities in all sectors of the society especially in education sectors. Proper training should be provided to women’s for better results. There should be greater number of part-time job opportunities. In India, mostly women are housewives so they do not get any opportunity for full-time work. Hence, more part-time and flexible jobs should be created so that more and more women get engaged into commercial activities.
- Lot of hardship is being faced by her at working place.
- The increasing work participation rate of women made it imperative for enacting a comprehensive legislation focusing on prevention of sexual harassment as well as providing a redressal mechanism. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of “Western Culture”.
- Most of the problems that beset working women are rooted in the social perspective; that men are the bread winners and women are seen as the house-keepers and child bearers. This typecast role model continues to put obstacles for the working women. A fundamental change is required in the attitudes of the employers, policy makers, family members, and public at large.
- The Act is enacted by the Indian Parliament to provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Sexual harassment is termed as a violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and right to life and to live with dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Sexual harassment is also considered a violation of a right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment.
- The Act requires all workplaces to set up Internal Complaints Committees to address the issue of sexual harassment. There will also be a Local Complaints Committee for each District where complaints can be filed.
- Provide a safe working environment Display at the workplace, details of: the penal consequences of indulging in acts of sexual harassment composition of the ICC the grievance redressal mechanism available to aggrieved employees Organize workshops and awareness programs for sensitizing employees Organizing orientation programs for members of the ICC
- The Act provides the option of a settlement between the aggrieved woman and the responded through conciliation but only on the request of the woman. However, money compensation cannot be a basis for the settlement. The inquiry has to be completed within 90 days. In case of malicious complaints or false evidence, the Committee may take action against the woman/person. However, simply not being able to prove an allegation will not mean that it is a false/malicious complaint. The identity of the aggrieved woman, respondent, witnesses as well as other details of the complaint cannot be published or disclosed to the public/media. The Act also hopes to prevent such incidents by placing a duty on employers to hold regular workshops/awareness programmes as well as, display the consequences of harassment in the workplace. Every employer has a duty to provide a safe working environment to all employees.
- Chetal Bhagat article
- To sum up, women empowerment can not be possible unless women come with and help to self-empower themselves. There is a need to formulate reducing feminized poverty, promoting education of women, and prevention and elimination of violence against women.