contains basics of vaccine delivery sytem

1. INTRODUCTORY PORTION
OF VACCINE DELIVERY
SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY:-
MEENAKSHI RAGHAV
M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS)
SEM-1

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
 Introduction
 History of vaccine development
 Definition and types of immunity
 Types of immune cells
 Lymphocytes
 Granulocytes
 Types of vaccines

3. INTRODUCTION
 A Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides
immunity to a particular disease.
 A Vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease-causing microorganism and is often made from
weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or
one of its surface proteins.
 The agent stimulates the body's immune system to
recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to
further recognize and destroy any of the
microorganisms associated with that agent that it may
encounter in the future.

4.  The administration of vaccines is called
vaccination.
 Vaccination is the most effective method of
preventing infectious diseases such as polio,
measles and tetanus from much of the world.
Widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely
responsible for the worldwide eradication of
smallpox.
 The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived
from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the
term devised by EDWARD JENNER to denote
cowpox.

5. HISTORY
 During the late 1760s while serving as a surgeon Edward
Jenner learned of the story, common in rural areas, that dairy
workers would never have the often-fatal disease smallpox,
because they already had cowpox, which has a very mild
effect in humans.
 In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with
cowpox, scratched it into the arm of an 8-year-old boy, James
Phipps, and six weeks later inoculated the boy with smallpox,
afterwards observing that he did not catch smallpox.
 Jenner extended his studies and in 1798 reported that his
vaccine was safe in children and adults .

6.  The second generation of vaccine was introduced
in the 1880 by LOUIS PASTEUR who developed
vaccines for chicken cholera & anthrax & from the
late nineteenth century vaccines were considered
a matter of national prestige, and compulsory
vaccination laws were passed.
 The twentieth century saw the introduction of
several successful vaccines, including those
against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella.
 Major achievements included the development of
the polio vaccine in the 1950s

7. IMMUNITY
 In biology, immunity is the balanced state of an organism
having adequate biological defences to fight infection, or
other unwanted biological invasion.
 In general, immunity is of 2 types;
Active immunity
Passive immunity
 ACTIVE immunity results from the production of antibodies
by the immune system in response to the presence of an
antigen.
 PASSIVE Immunity results by injecting antibodies into an
organism to counteract foreign antibodies.

8.  Immunity can also be classified as;
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
 INNATE immunity protects the host against
infection but has no “memory” and so gives no
long term immunity.
 ADAPTIVE immunity does have a kind of
memory so it does give long term immunity.
 Vaccination builds on the natural immune system to
make a person resist certain disease.

9. TYPES OF IMMUNE
CELLS

11. LYMOHOCYTES
Small white blood cells which are
responsible for much of the work of the
immune system.
Lymphocytes can be divided into 3
classes;
B-cells
T-cells
Natural killer cells (NKC).

12. B-CELLS
 B cells are lymphocytes that plays a large role in
humoral immune response.
 B cell is an essential component of the adaptive
immune system.
 B cells spend their entire life in the bone marrow
& gets mature their itself.
 The principle function of B cells is to make
antibodies against antigen, and eventually
develop into memory B cells after activation by
antigen interaction.

13. T-CELLS
 T cells play a central role in cell mediated
immunity.
 T cells leave the bone marrow at an early
age and travel to the thymus where they
mature.
 Also, T cells constitute 60-75%of blood
lymphocytes.
 They can be distinguished from other
lymphocytes by the presence of a T cell
receptor (TCR) on the cell surface.

14. T cells are mainly of 4 types;
1. Helper T Cells; they assist other
white blood cells in immunologic
processes, including maturation of B
cells in to memory cells and activation of
cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
2. Cytotoxic T cells; they destroy
virally infected cells and are also
implicated in transplant rejection.

15. 3) Regulatory cells; they are formally known as
SUPRESSOR cells and are also crucial for the maintenance
of immunological tolerance.
4)Memory cells; these are the type of T cells
which keeps the long term memory of a infection after it has
resolved.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
 They comprise about 10-50% of the lymphocytes of
circulating blood.
 The role of NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic
T cells.

16. GRANULOCYTES
 Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells
characterized by the presence of GRANULES
in their cytoplasm.
 They are also known as
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES
(PML) because of the varying shapes of the
nucleus, which is usually lobed into 3 segments.
 Types of granulocytes;

17. a) Neutrophils(most abundant granulocytes)
b) Eosinophils
c) Basophils
d) Mast cells
e) Monocytes;
 Macrophages
 Dendritic cells
 NEUTROPHILS ;

18.  Neutrophils are a type of immune cells that is one of
FIRST CELL TO TRAVEL to the site of an infection.
 It helps in fighting infection by ingesting
microorganism and releasing enzymes that kill the
microorganism.
EOSINOPHILS;
 are also known as ACIDOPHILS (acid-loving ,due
to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules).
 They mainly control mechanism associated with
allergy.

19. BASOPHILS;
 Appear in many specific kinds of
inflammatory reactions, particularly those
that causes allergic symptoms.
 They contain anticoagulant heparin, which
prevents blood from clotting too quickly.
 They also contain the vasodilator histamine,
which promotes blood flow to tissue.

20. MAST CELLS;
 Also known as MASTOCYTES.
 Contains granules rich in histamine and
heparin.
 Best known for their role in allergy &
anaphylaxis.
 They are very similar to basophils in both
appearance and function.

21. MONOCYTES;
 They are the largest type of leukocytes.
 They can differentiate into macrophages and
dendritic cells.
MACROPHAGES;
o It is made up of two words, MACRO which
means LARGE & PHAGE which means
TO EAT.
o So they are the immune cells that engulfs
& digest cellular debris ,foreign particles or
anything that does not have type of protein
specific to healthy body.

22. DENDRITIC CELLS;
o They are also known as ACCESSORY
cells,
o Their main function is to process antigen
material and present it on the cell surface
to the T cells of the immune system.

23. TYPES OF VACCINES

24. o Vaccines are dead or inactivated organism or
purified products derived from them.
o There are several types of vaccines in use.
o They are;
 Whole organism vaccine
Killed
Attenuated
Toxoid
Subunit
Conjugate
Recombinant vector
DNA vaccination

25. KILLED VACCINE;
Also known as inactivated vaccine.
Some vaccines contain killed but previously
virulent, microorganism that have been
destroyed with chemicals such as
formaldehyde,heat,radioactivity or antibiotics.
Examples of killed vaccines are
o Influenza
o Cholera
o Polio
o Hepatitis A
o Rabies.

26. ATTENUATED VACCINE;
 Some vaccines contain live, attenuated
microorganism & are called as attenuated vaccine.
 Many of these are active viruses that have ben
cultivated under condition that disable their virulent
properties or that use closely related but less
dangerous organism to produce a broad immune
response.
 Although most attenuated vaccines are viral but some
are bacterial in nature as well.
 Examples include;
 Viral diseases such as measels,rubella and
mumps.
 Bacterial disease such as typhoid.

28. TOXOID;
 Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic
compounds that cause illness rather than the whole
microorganism.
 Examples : Tetanus & Diphtheria.
SUBUNIT;
 Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated
microorganism to an immune system (which would
constitute a “whole-agent” vaccine),a fragment of it
can create an immune response.

29.  Examples include the subunit vaccine against;
a) Hepatitis B Virus that is composed of only the
surface proteins of the virus.
b) Vaccine against human papilloma virus that is
composed of the viral major capsid protein.
CONJUGATE;
• Certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer
coats that are poorly immunogenic.
• By linking these outer coats to
proteins(ex; toxins),the immune system can
be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if
it were a protein antigen.

30.  This approach is used in the Haemophiles
influenzae type B vaccine.
RECOMBINANT VECTOR;
 By combining the physiology of one
microorganism and the DNA of the other, immunity
can be created against diseases that have complex
infection processes.
 DNA VACCINATION;
 In recent years a new type of vaccine called DNA
vaccination, created from an infectious agent’s
DNA has been developed.

31. It works by insertion of viral or bacterial
DNA into human or animal cells.
Some cells of the immune system that
recognise the proteins expressed will
mount an attack against these proteins
and cells expressing them.
Because these cells live for a very long
time, if the pathogen that normally
express these proteins is encountered at
a later time, they will be attacked
instantly by the immune system.

32. DOSE AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OF COMMOMNLY USED VACCINES