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- 1. Chapter Five Interest Aggregation and Political Parties
- 2. Learning Objectives • 5.1 Describe patron–client networks. • 5.2 Explain how groups can act as interest aggregators. • 5.3 Compare and contrast competitive and authoritarian party systems and their roles in interest aggregation. • 5.4 Discuss the types of electoral systems and their relation to patterns of electoral competition. • 5.5 Describe the features of different competitive party systems. • 5.6 Compare and contrast exclusive and inclusive authoritarian party systems. • 5.7 Describe the range of the military’s role as an interest aggregator. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 3. Personal Interest Aggregation • The process by which political demands are combined into policy programs • How interests are aggregated is key feature of political process • Democracies: two or more parties compete to gain support for their alternative policy programs. • Autocracies: ruling party may try to mobilize citizens’ support for its policies but it is covert and controlled • Parties • The distinctive and defining goal of a political party - its mobilization of support for policies and candidates - is especially related to interest aggregation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 4. Personal Interest Aggregation • Patron-Client Networks • System in which central authority figure provides benefits (patronage) to supporters in exchange for loyalty • Primitive structure out of which larger more complicated political structures are composed • With patron-client networks it is difficult to mobilize political resources behind unified policies or to respond to crises • Static system • Structure runs through the political processes of countries such as the Philippines, Japan, and India. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 6. Institutional Interest Aggregation • In developing societies: • citizens become aware of larger collective interests; have resources and skills to work for them • personal networks are regulated, limited, incorporated within broader organizations. • Institutional Groups: • bureaucratic agencies and military groups are important interest aggregators • government agencies may be “captured” by interest groups and used to support their demands. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 7. Competitive Party Systems and Interest Aggregation • Parties are primary structures of interest aggregation. • Political parties are groups or organizations that seek to place candidates in office under their label. • competitive party system – build electoral support • authoritarian party system – parties direct society © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 8. Competitive Party Systems and Interest Aggregation • History and development of parties • internally created parties • externally created parties • Stable party families: Social Democrats, Conservatives, Christian Democrats, Nationalists, Liberals, etc. • Party systems of democratic countries show stability • Two-party systems are not exactly alike • differences emerge due to various factors, including electoral systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. Elections • In democracies, elections are important to parties: • Determine whether they survive • Voting is simplest and most frequently performed political act • Citizens make collective decisions about future leaders and policies • Elections aggregate diverse concerns into collective decision © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 10. Electoral Systems • Rules by which elections are conducted • Determine who can vote, how people vote, how votes get counted • Single-member district plurality (SMDP) election rule • First past the post • Variation on this is majority runoff system • Proportional representation (PR) • Primary elections • SMD elections: party officials select candidates • Proportional representation elections: party draws up list of candidates © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Patterns of Electoral Competition • Duverger’s law: single-member districts create 2-party systems • Mechanical effect – 3rd parties don’t win • Psychological effect – voters anticipate mechanical effect • Strategic voting- support given to avoid worse situation • Anthony Downs • 2-party systems: centrist pull or “convergence” • Effective number of parties © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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- 14. Competitive Parties in Government • Ability to implement policies is determined by nature of electoral outcome • Winning control of legislature and executive • Coalition governments • Aggregation of interests at executive level rather than electoral can have costs and benefits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 15. Cooperation and Conflict in Competitive Party Systems • Majoritarian two-party systems: • dominated by two parties (U.S) • have two dominant parties and election laws that create legislative majorities for one (Britain) • Majority-coalition systems: • establish pre-electoral coalitions so voters know which parties will work together to form government • Multiparty systems: • election laws and party systems that ensure no single party wins legislative majority • no tradition of pre-election coalitions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 16. Cooperation and Conflict in Competitive Party Systems • Consensual party system: • parties are not far apart on policies and trust each other and political system • Conflictual party system: • parties are far apart on policies and are antagonistic toward each other and political system • Consociational (accommodative) party system: • party systems have both consensual and conflictual features © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 17. Authoritarian Party Systems • Can also aggregate interests • Aggregation takes place within party or interactions with groups • Exclusive governing party – total control, permits no opposition • Inclusive governing party – accepts some groups • Authoritarian corporatist system – encourages interests but gives them no power • Electoral authoritarianism – façade of democracy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 18. The Military and Interest Aggregation • Military has instruments of force and organizational capacity • Absent strong constitutional tradition, it is effective contender for power • Major limitation in interest aggregation is that military is not designed for this © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 19. Trends in Interest Aggregation • Democratic trend in the world has gained momentum since the end of the 1980s. • In 1990s – first time in world history there are more free than unfree states • Many African nations have moved toward freedom • Unfree states remain in Middle East, Central Asia, Africa • Authoritarian regimes remain in Zimbabwe, Sudan, Somalia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 20. Significance of Interest Aggregation • How interests are aggregated is important determinant of what government does for and to citizens • Democratic countries’ competitive party systems narrow down and combine policy preferences • Noncompetitive party systems, military governments, monarchies - aggregation works differently, but with similar effect of narrowing policy options • Aggregation ultimately affects government’s adaptability and stability © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.