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Powell_Ch.1.pptx
1.
Chapter One Challenge and
Change in Comparative Politics
2.
Learning Objectives • 1.1
Briefly describe the public and authoritative aspects of political decisions. • 1.2 Discuss the challenges of building a national identity for a nonhomogeneous population. • 1.3 Explain the processes and challenges of economic development, giving specific examples from various countries. • 1.4 Describe the characteristics of representative democracy and the connections between economic development and democratization. • 1.5 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization. • 1.6 List five ways in which a government can help its citizens. • 1.7 List five ways in which a government can harm or hinder its citizens. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
Issues in Comparative
Politics • In the past few decades, the world has undergone a fundamental transformation. • Three forces drive this transformation: • Democratization • Socioeconomic modernization • Globalization © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
What Is Comparative
Politics? • Political decisions are social, public, and authoritative. • They take place within a political system. • The public sphere deals with collective decisions that extend beyond the individual and typically involve government action. • Private sphere deals with actions that do not bind anyone outside a group (e.g., family, friends). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
What Is Comparative
Politics? • Politics is authoritative. • Formal power rests with individuals or groups whose decisions are expected to be carried out and respected. • Decisions are binding on the political system. • Politics: activities associated with the control of public decisions among a given people and within a given territory. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
Challenges • Despite their
diversity, states face common challenges: • Building community and identity; • Securing economic development and growth; and • Advancing democracy and civil liberties. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
Building Community • Absence
of common identity can have severe political consequences. • Conflict over national, ethnic, or religious identities can cause political turmoil. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
States and Nations •
“Nation” refers to the self-identification of a people with a common identity. • Built upon a common language, history, race, or culture, or simply upon the fact that this group has occupied the same territory. • May or may not have their own state or independent government. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
Nationality and Ethnicity •
Ethnicity is an important part of identity • The German sociologist Max Weber argued that ethnic groups are usually defined by common physical traits, languages, and cultures that individuals believe separates them from other people. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
Language • Language and
social division • 5,000 different languages in use in the world today • 200 languages have a million or more speakers • Only 8 classified as world languages • Political systems cannot avoid committing themselves to one or several languages. • Conflicts over educational policies or language use in government © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
Religious Differences and Fundamentalism •
States vary in their religious characteristics. • Religion may be basis of national identity. • Religion can be rallying point for political movements. • Religion can be a source of intense disagreement: • religious groups can coexist peacefully • some may commit acts of violence, cruelty, terrorism • fundamentalism has emerged in all major faiths © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
Fostering Economic Development •
Two major forces transforming political systems and nations • Process of economic development • Political democratization • Globalization, democratization, and marketization • HDI- Human Development Index • Structure of the labor force • Agriculture • Urbanization • Education levels • Increased productivity requires skilled, healthy labor force and infrastructure that supports material welfare. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
Problems of Economic
Development • Unequal distribution of resources and opportunities are among the most serious causes of political conflict. • Large GDP may conceal significant differences in distribution of these resources. • Country’s politics affected by internal divisions of income, wealth, etc. • Economic development improves the equality of income over time, but first stages of industrialization may increase income inequality. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
Problems of Economic
Development • Population growth: • Population increases due to health care improvement, increased living standards, increased life expectancy • Rapid population growth can pose policy challenges for developing nations. • Environmental costs: • Despoiled forests, depleted soils and fisheries, polluted air and water, nuclear waste, endangered species, and ozone questions. • Shortages of clean water, air, and adequate sanitation. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
Fostering Democracy, Human
Rights, and Civil Liberties • Democratization: • second major force transforming political systems • includes enhancement of human rights and expansion of freedom • Democracy: • political system where citizens enjoy basic civil and political rights • political leaders are elected in free and fair elections and are accountable under the law © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
Fostering Democracy, Human
Rights, and Civil Liberties • Democratic systems versus authoritarian systems • Authoritarian: lack defining features of democracy • Oligarchy, Dictatorship, Totalitarian • Waves of Democratization: • First: first half of the 20th century- Western states • Second: 1943 -1960s: newly independent states and defeated authoritarian powers • Third: 1974- Southern Europe, East Asia, Latin America, a number of African states. • Result: democracy a common goal of the global community © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
The Contribution of
Globalization • Positive Effects • Negative Effects © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
What Governments Do? •
Community and Nation Building • Security and Order • Protecting Rights • Promoting Economic Efficiency and Growth • Public goods • Externalities • Social Justice • Protecting the Weak © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
When Does Government
Become the Problem? • Destruction of Community • Violations of Basic Rights • Economic Inefficiency • Government for Private Gain • Vested Interests and Inertia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
Looking Forward • Average
child born today can look forward to a longer, better, freer life than his parents. • Still, problems remain and some result from progress that is made. • Environmental quality, changing lifestyles, challenges of globalization and multiculturalism. • More affluent and better informed citizenry may be less inclined to trust political parties, interest groups, parliaments, political executives. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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