Human Joints (Skeleton system)

REPRESENTED BY
MD MEHBUB ALAM
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Articulation:- joint or point of contact.
Arthrology:- it a scientific study of joints.
Kinesiology :- It is the study of the motion of the human body.
Arthritis:- it is a inflammation of joint.
Osteoarthritis:- it is a degenerative joint disease.
Osteoporosis:- osteoporosis is a condition in which bones
become weak and brittle.
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TERMINOLOGY

Osteomyelitis:- bone infection.
Fibromyalgia:- inflammation of fibrous connective tissue
(fibrositis).
Fibrous dysplasia:- it is a benign bone condition in which
abnormal fibrous tissue growth in place of normal bone.
Dislocation:- also known as luxation, means bone is out of it’s
place.
Subluxation:- partial displacement of joint.
TERMINOLOGY

DEFINITIONOF JOINTS
• Joints or articulations are
junctions between two or
more bones or cartilages.
• It is a point where two or
more bone connected
together.

Functions of bones
Movement:- Allows for
muscles attachment therefore
the bones are used as levers.
Flexibility
Attachment bone to bone

JOINTS
STUCTURAL
CLASSIFICATION:-
1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints
 Joint is point of contact between two or more bones,
bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth. It is
also called articulation. Joints can classified
according to structure and their functions.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICTION :-
a) Synarthroses - Immovable joints
b) Amphiarthrosess –slight movable
joint
c) Diarthroses –Freely movable joint

 Fibrous joints are defined as the joints in which the
bones are connected by fibrous tissue.
 They are called fixed or immovable joints as they do
not allow any movement between the bones.
 They do not have a joint cavity, and the fibrous tissue
which connects the bones is made up of collage
fibres.
TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS:
1) Sutures
2) Syndesmosis
3) Gomphosis
FIBROUS JOINTS
STUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

 A fibrous joint composed
of thin layer of dense
fibrous connective tissue.
Suture joints are present
between the skull bones.
 example:- coronal
suture between frontal
and parietal bone.
SUTURES

TYPES OF SUTURES
There main four suture on the skull:
1. Coronal suture:- present between
frontal and parietal bones.
2. Sagittal suture:-present between two
parietal bone.
3. Squamous suture:- joins the parietal
and temporal bone.
4. Lambdoid suture:- separating to
parietal and occipital bone.

Other suture of skull
 Occipitomastoid suture
 Squamosal suture:-
 Sphenofrontal suture
 Sphenosquamosal suture:- sphenoid and temporal bone.
 parietomastoid suture:- between parietal and mastoid
process.
 Zygomaticofrontal:-
 Sphenoparietal
 Zygomaticotemporal
Petrosquamous suture
Cranial suture
Sphenozygomatic suture
Frontoethmoid suture
Intermaxillary suture

 Syndesmosis is a fibrous joint in which
two adjacent (attached) bones are linked
by a strong membrane or ligament.
 It’s located near the ankle joint, between
the tibia, or shinbone, and the distal
fibula, or outside leg bone.
 Example: distal tibiofibular joint
interosseous membrane between tibia
and fibula.
SYNDESMOSIS

 A fibrous joint in which a cone shaped
peg fits into a socket.
It is a fibrous mobile peg and socket
joint.
Eg:- Dentoalveolar joint(root of teeth
with socket).
Gomphosis

 The articulating bones are tightly
connected by hyaline cartilage or fibro
cartilage called cartilaginous joint.
It is a slightly movable joint.
It is lack of joint cavity ( synovial cavity)
TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS :-
1) Synchondroses joint
2) Symphyses joint
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

SYNCHONDROSIS
It is a cartilaginous
joint where bones are
joined together by
hyaline cartilage.
Eg :- Epiphyseal plate
between epiphysis and
diaphysis of a growing
bone .
SYMPHYSIS
A cartilaginous joint where the
articulating bones are covered
with hyaline cartilage and with a
broad , flat disc of fibrocartilage
connects the bones
Example :-
Pubic
Symphysis ,
Intervertebral
joints

 A synovial cavity is present between the articulating bones .
 It is a freely movable joint .
 The bones at a synovial joint are covered by articular
cartilage that reduce friction between the bone .
 Articular capsule surrounds a synovial joint and
encloses the synovial cavity .
Articular capsule has two layers :-
 An outer fibrous capsule
 An inner synovial membrane
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

FIBROUS CAPSULE
Permits considerable movement at a joint and the strength to resist stretching
prevents the bones from dislocation .
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
It is made up of areolar connective tissue and secrets synovial fluid . The
synovial fluid consist hyaluronic acid , Interstitial fluid .It helps to reduce
friction, supply nutrients and remove metabolic waste and microbes .
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

 Accessory ligaments :- They are extracellular and intracellular
ligaments . Extracapsular ligaments are outside enticular
capsule intracapsular ligaments like inside the articular
capsule.
Articular disc/menisci:-They are pads of fibrocartilage that lie
between articular surface of bones .these disc modify the shape of
joint surface and helps to fit two bones of different shape tightly .
. Eg :- lateral & medial menisci of knee joint .
. the nerve and blood vessels supply the synovial joints
SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Movement of synovial joint are grouped into four :-
Gliding Angular
movement
Rotation Special
movement
-Flexion
-Extension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Medial rotation
-Lateral rotation
-Circumduction
- Inversion & Eversion
- Elevation & Depression
- Dorsiflexion & Plantar
flexion
- Protraction &
Retraction
- Opposition
TYPE OF MOVEMENTS

According to the shape of articulating surface , there are six ( 6) types of synovial joints
Synovial
joint
Ball &
Socket
Joint
Planar
joint
Hinge
Joint
Pivot
Joint
Condyloid
joint/
Ellipsoid
Joint
Saddle
Joint
TYPE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Synovial joints

 Articular surfaces of the bones are flat
slightly carved.
 It is a provide side to side and back &
front movement/ gliding movement
 example :- Intercarpal or intertarsal
joint , sternoclavicular joint.
Planer joint

 The convex surface of one bone
fits into the concave surface of
another bone .
 It is a monaxial joint :-
Example :- Knee joint
Elbow joint
Ankle joint
Hinge Joint

• It is a largest and most complex joint which consist of three
joints within a single synovial cavity.
Knee joint
Knee joint
Lateral
tibiofemoral
joint
Patellofemural
joint
Medial
tibiofemoral
joint
The three joints are -

Note
The condyles of femur are attached with the condyles of tibia
below and behind while as these condyles will attach with the
patella in front .This joint is formed by the condyles of the femur,
condyles of the tibia and posterior surface of the patella.
Ligaments that arise
1. Capsular ligament
2. Cruciate ligament
 They are intra capsular ligament, 2 in member
1.Cruciate
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament

 These two ligaments extends from inter condyles notch and
gets inserted into the intercondylar eminence.
 These two ligaments are crossing each other
Patellar ligament:-
 It is a ligament between patella and tibia
 It arise from patella and inserted into tibial tibirosity.
Medial collateral ligament:-
 It is a ligament between the medial condyle of femur and medial
condyle.
 It is also called tibial collateral ligament.
 It is a ligament between the lateral condyle of femur and fibula is
also know as fibula collateral ligament.

Bursae
 Bursae are sac like structure which filled with synovial fluid.
There function is reduce the friction of the joints.
 There are 2 bursae present in the synovial joint :
1. Pre patellar bursa:- it is present in front of the patella
bone.
2. Intra patella bursal:- it is present below the patella bone
 The articular surfaces between femur and tibia are separated
by a complete disc of fibro cartilage which is known as
menisci or semi-lunar cartilages .
 There are line on the top of the condyle of tibia.
 Due to the presence of this disc, it is a complex joint.
 They act as a shock absorbers.

MOVEMENT OF KNEE JOINT :-
The possible movements of knee joint are
1.flexion
2. extension

 Articulating surface
There are 3 articulating surfaces
1. Condyles of the femur
2. Condyles of the tibia
3. Posterior surface of patella

It is between lateral condyle of femur medial meniscus and
lateral condyle of tibia .
It is between medial condyle of femur medial meniscus and
medial condyle of tibia .
It is between patella and patellar surface of femur .
Pattillo- femoral joint
Medial tibiofemoral joint
Lateral tibiofemoral joint

Articular capsule :- very thin and is not present anteriorly
Patellar ligament:- extend from the patella to the tibial tuberosity
Oblique popliteal ligament:- broad flat ligament that extends from the
intercondylar fossa of femur to the head of tibia. This strengthens
posterior surface of joint.
Tibia collateral ligament:- broad , flat ligament that extends from the
medial condyle of tibia to medial condyle of femur.
Anatomical Components :-

 Fibial collater ligament :- stoor round ligament on the lateral surface that extends
from the lateral condyle of femur to the lateral side heed of the fibula.
Intracapsular ligament :- ligaments withincapsule that connects tibia & femur
1. Anterior cruciate ligament
2. Posterior cruciate ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament :- connects medial surface of lateral femoral condyle to the
posterior inter condylar area of tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament :- connects lateral surface of medial femoral condyle
to posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia .

 Articular disc/menisci :- two
fibrocartilage disc between the tibial &
femoral condyles to compensates irregular
shapes of bone
medial meniscus c-shaped
Lateral meniscus o-shaped
 Bursae :- Prepatellar, intra patellar &
suprapatellar Bursa.
 Blood supply :- femoral ,tibial & popliteal .
 Nerve supply :- femoral nerve , obturator nerve.
 movements :- flexion & extension

It is a hinge joint formed by trochlea of humerus,
trochlear notch of ulna and head of the radius
 Anatomical components :-
1) Articular capsule :- It completely envelops
the joint on the anterior , posterior, lateral & medial part
.
2) Ulnar collateral ligament :- Thick triangular
ligament that extends from the medial epicondyle of
humerus to the coronoid process & olecranon process of
ulna.
ELBO JOINT

3) Radial collateral ligament :- Strong , triangular ligament
, that extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the ulnar
ligament of radius and radial notch of ulna.
 Movements :- flexion & extension of forearm.
 Blood supply :- anterior & posterior blood vessels.
 Applied anatomy :- tennis elbow.
ELBO JOINT

 The rounded or pointed
surface of one bone
articulates with ring formed
partly by another bone .
 It is monaxial (comitial)
joint.
Eg :- atlanto-axial joint
PIVOT JOINT

→ The convex oval-shaped projections of one bone
fits into the oval shaped depression of another
bone.
→ The convex oval shaped projection of one bone
is fits into the concave oval shaped depression of
another bone.
→ It is biaxial joint.
eg :- wrist joint metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
joint.
CONDYLOID JOINT

 The articular surface of one bone is
saddle shaped and the articular surface
of another bone fits into the saddle .
 It is a biaxial joint.
eg :- carpometacarpal joint.
SADDLE JOINT

 The ball like surface of one
bone fits into the cup like
depression of another bone.
 It is multiaxial joint.
eg :- Shoulder joint
Hip joint.
BALL & SOCKET
JOINT

 It is a ball and socket joint formed by the head of
the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula .
 Anatomical component :-
1) Articular capsule :- thin loose sac that complete
covers the joint . It extends from the glenoid cavity of
scapula to the neck of humerus .
2) Coracohumeral ligament :- Strong , broad ligament
that strengthens superior part of articular capsule . It
extends from coracoid process of scapula to greater
tubercle of humerus .
Shoulder joint

3) Glenohumeral ligament :- 3 thickening of articular capsule on the anterior
surface of the joint . It extends from glenoid cavity to lesser tubercle.
4) Transverse humeral ligament :- extends from the greater tubercle to lesser tubercle of
humerus .
5) Glenoid labrum :- narrow fibrocartilage around the edge of glenoid cavity .
6) Bursa :- 4 bursae -subscapular bursa -subacromial bursa
-subdeltoid bursa -sub coracoid bursa
Shoulder joint

 Movements :- flexion, extension , abduction , medial rotation
,lateral rotation & circumduction of arm
 Blood supply :- circumflex humeral blood vessels .
 Nerve supply :- axillary nerve .
 Applied anatomy :- frozen shoulder, dislocation
Shoulder joint

It is a ball & socket joint that is formed by the
head of the femur & acetabulum of hip bone .
Anatomical components :-
→ Articular capsule :- strong capsule that
extends from the rich of acetabulum to neck
of the femur . The capsule consists of the
circular and longitudinal fibres . The curtailer
fibres are iliofemoral , pubofemoral and
ischiofemoral ligaments .
Hip joint

 Iliofemoral ligament :- it is extends from anterior inferior iliac spine
of the hip bone to the inter trochanteric of the femur
 Pubofemoral ligament :- it is extends from pubis part of the rim of acetabulum to the
neck of the femur .
 Ischiofemoral ligament :- it is extends ischia wall of the acetabulum to the neck of the
femur .
 Ligament of the head of the femur :- flat , triangular band extends from the fossa of the
acetabulum to the fogies capilis of the head of the femur .
 Acetabular labarum :- fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of acetabulum .
 Transverse ligament of acetabulum :- strong ligament that crosses outer the acetabular
notch.
Hip joint

Movements :- flexion , Extension , Abduction , adduction ,
medial rotation , lateral rotation of thigh.
Blood supply :- Superior and Inferior artery , femoral artery.
Nerve supply :- femoral nerve , Obturator nerve.
Applied Anatomy :- Osteoarthrosis , dislocation.
Hip joint

Thank

Human Joints (Skeleton system)

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