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Urethral catheterisation for MBBS
1. URETHRAL CATHETERISATION
DR. MD. SHERAJUL ISLAM
FCPS (Surgery), FACS(USA)
Assistant Professor, Surgery
Sheikh Sayera Khatun Medical College
2. History
Sushruta, surgeon of ancient India (6th
century BC) described gold, silver, iron and
wood tubes lubricated with ghee for the
evacuation of urine
Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC–AD 50)
described bronze and lead pipes for urethral
catheterization in De Re Medicina
Frederick Foley, a medical student in
Boston, designed the modern catheter in the
1930s
Fortunately catheters now come in latex,
silicone, Teflon and PVC, with some coated in
3. Introduction
Catheterization is an invasive
procedure
It should be carried out in a
sensitive manner, maintaining the
patient’s dignity at all times
The indication of catheterization
determines whether long- or short-
term catheters are used and should
be considered prior to the procedure
6. Equipment
Dressing pack
Male catheter
Catheter drainage bag
Normal saline cleaning solution
Gauze
Sterile lidocaine anaesthetic gel
10 mL sterile water
10 mL syringe
Sterile gloves
Disposable, loose-fitting outer sterile gloves
Kidney bowl
7. Catheter size
charrières (ch) after the 19th century French
instrument maker Joseph Charrières,
representing the outer diameter of the
catheter
The size of the catheter in charrières is
equivalent to three times its diameter in
millimeters (mm):12 ch catheter measures 4
mm in diameter
These measurements are commonly
referred to as ‘French gauge’
A larger-gauge catheter may be required in
circumstances such as haematuria or pyuria,
where clots or debris may obstruct urinary
8. Catheter size
catheter may be required, with bladder
irrigation being delivered via a third
catheter lumen to maintain catheter
patency
Larger catheters are more likely to cause
urethral damage, but too small a catheter
can result in leakage around the catheter
Various types are available: Foley, Coude
tip (elbow shaped at the tip for negotiating
the prostate) and straight
The smallest Foley catheter likely to be
effective is normally first choice for
general use, usually size 10, 12 or 14 ch
12. Tip Box
If the catheter will not pass down the
urethra, consider using more anaesthetic
gel and inserting a larger-sized catheter
Paradoxical though this may seem, a
larger catheter will be less flexible in the
urethra and hence more likely to negotiate
the tighter prostatic urethra
However, never apply substantial force
when inserting a catheter; if the catheter
does not pass (secondary to a stricture,
for example) withdraw the catheter and
discuss with your seniors
16. Practical
procedure
Explain the procedure to the patient and gain
consent
In case of female Position the patient supine
on the bed with their legs bent and then
relaxed open, exposing the perineum, ensure
that the perineum is well lit (e.g. using a
gynaecology bedside lamp)
Open the equipment onto a clean trolley,
ensuring the urinary catheter remains inside
the internal packaging
Wash your hands and wear sterile gloves with
a second overlying pair of disposable sterile
gloves
17. Practical
procedure
Hold the penis with a sterile gauze swab
around the shaft with your non-dominant
hand, Retract the foreskin and gently cleanse
the urethral meatus with gauze soaked in
normal saline, directing the wiping motion
away from the urethra –in case of MALE
Part the labia with the fingers of your non-
dominant hand. Using your dominant hand
gently cleanse the perineum with gauze
soaked in sterile normal saline wiping from
anterior to posterior (i.e. towards the anus to
avoid introducing microbes from this region)
in case of FEMALE
18. Practical
procedure
Place sterile drapes over the exposed groin and
make a hole in the drape to place the penis
through
Gently insert the pre-filled lidocaine gel syringe
tip into the urethral meatus of the penis
Warn the patient of a stinging sensation and
slowly insert 10 mL of the lidocaine gel
Dispose of the outer gloves
Expose the catheter tip from the inner packaging
by tearing the perforations and gently insert the
catheter into the urethral meatus with your
dominant hand, holding it through its inner
package
19. Practical
procedure
In female, part the labia with the fingers
of your non-dominant hand, and gently
insert the catheter into the urethra with
your dominant hand holding it through its
inner package
20. Practical
procedure
As you advance the catheter using a
twisting or rotating motion continue to
release it from its inner package by
tearing the perforations, hence
maintaining a ‘non-touch technique’
Advance the full length of the catheter to
its bifurcation and place a kidney bowl
between the patient’s legs
Remove the last of the inner packaging
and attach the catheter bag
21. Practical
procedure
Once urine is draining, inflate the balloon
with 10 mL of sterile water
Gently pull back the catheter until
resistance is felt and it resumes a fixed
position (i.e. the catheter balloon is at the
bladder neck)
Pull forward the penile foreskin (to
prevent paraphimosis)
Wipe off any excess lidocaine gel
The catheter bag should hang below
pelvis level to avoid retrograde flow and
catheter-borne infections
22. Practical
procedure
Record the date and time the catheter
was inserted in the patient’s medical
notes
Note:
— the type and size of catheter used
— the volume of sterile water used to
inflate the catheter balloon
— the residual volume
— post-procedure investigations and
complications
23. Tip Box
The absence of urine on inserting the
catheter its full length to the bifurcation
implies one of two possibilities: an empty
bladder or insertion into a false passage
Try to flush the catheter with 50 mL of
sterile normal saline using a bladder
syringe
If flushes easily and can subsequently be
aspirated, it is most likely that the catheter
tip is situated in the bladder
If doubt remains then remove the
catheter and discuss with your seniors
24. Tip Box
Antibiotic cover is likely to be required
when changing a catheter due to
catheter-associated urinary tract
infection
Consult with local protocols or
microbiology for advice as to specific
antimicrobials
26. Complications
Local discomfort – offer topical lidocaine gel and
simple oral analgesia
Haematuria (secondary to local trauma)
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (or
abscess formation reported with large-gauge
catheters)
Stricture formation or the formation of a false
passage
Slowing of urine/no urine post catheter insertion:
— secondary to catheter blockage (e.g. debris
from pyuria or excess anaesthetic gel occluding
catheter tip)
— empty bladder
— haematuria (clots blocking catheter)