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0. Statistics chapter 01.pdf
1. Statistics
Statistics: Statistics means Analysis of data.
The ward “Statistics” comes from Latin “Status” or Italian “Statista” or German
“Statistek”.
According to Boddington “ Statistics is the science of estimates and probabilities”
According to R.A. Fisher “The science of statistics is essentially a branch of
applied mathematics and may be regarded as mathematics applied to
observational data”.
Characteristics of Statistics:
1. It should be published/expressed in numerically.
2. It should be the collection of data.
3. It should be comparable and equal.
4. The aim of statistics should be predetermined and well defined.
5. The data of statistics should be influences by various causes.
6. It gets from data collection.
2. Limitation and Importance of statistics
Limitation:
1. It represents only numerically not in quality.
2. It can’t give discussion only individually matter, gives all parts
together.
3. It is true in long timely and average.
4. In special cases, gives incorrect results.
5. It should be worked with carefully.
Importance:
1. It helps in man-kind.
2. It assists in planning.
3. It helps in administration purposes.
4. It helps in business and industrial purposes.
5. IT helps in economical analysis.
3. Data
Data: The raw material of statistics consists of numbers or observations usually
obtained by some process of counting or measurement. This information's are
regarded referred to collectively as data.
Two types of data
Primary data : primary data comes mainly from direct field investigation. After
collecting of primary data, no application of statistical method.
Secondary data : Secondary data are usually produced from at published or
unpublished document rather than under first hand field investigation.
Primary data collected method: Primary data collected method are
1. Direct personal inquiry
2. Indirect inquiry
3. Direct inquiry by Enumerators
4. Information through local Correspondents
5. Direct investigation of data collector.
6. Telephone interview
7. Postal process
4. Difference between primary data and secondary data
Primary data
Collect from primary source
Before this, there is no
application of statistical method.
First hand data.
More time, money and
manpower are required to
collect data.
It is more dependent
Secondary data
Collect from primary data
Before this, there are application
of statistical method.
Second or more hand data.
Less time, money and
manpower are required to
collect data
It is less dependent
