1. Coach Redesign
JetBlue Airbus A320-200
BRIAN PUGLIESE, HAYLEE LONG, JODE KEEHR, MAXIMILIANO FULGUEIRA,
RAMYAA RAVICHANDRA
2.
3. Agenda
Background
Why we need the redesign?
Look at the interior of JetBlue A320
Seating, Lavatory, Galley
Controls and Displays
Passenger Controls/Displays
Employee Controls/Displays
7. Why we chose this redesign
Until recently, the FAA did not regulate the interior set up in
airplanes
Based on anthropometric data collected by the CDC in 2014:
Avg adult female: 170 lbs ; 5’4
Avg adult male: 195 lbs; 5’9
With increasing air travel, greater work safety and more regulated
processes need to put in place for employees.
18. Walkway Spacing
Safety
OSHA standard 1910.36(g)(2)
An exit access must be at least 28 inches
(71.1 cm) wide at all points.
Beyond OSHA, what about lifting up your
luggage?
What are the biomechanic implications?
How much does a carryon typically weigh?
19. Seating
Fixed Height, width, pitch, depth, angle,
etc.
How do you feel right now?
5-95th percentile:
Sitting Height 15.2”-18.3”
Seating Breadth 13.1”-16.5”
Elbow Breadth 14.7”- 19.2”
Buttock-Patella 21.4”- 25.3”
Hey, armrests are adjustable!...well
present
20. Seating
Seat Height (1) should place feet flat on the ground with no
weight on thighs
3-5cm below popliteal fold
Seat depth
Should not cut off circulation in legs
Should be able to use the backrest
Shoulder Height (6) and Eye Height(5)
Support for lower back lordosis and upper back
kyphosis
Arm Rests height (2)/ width
Shoulder Flexion within 25° or less
Shoulder Abduction between 15°-20° or less
31. Overhead Storage
Reaching the controls and gathering the leverage to close them can be difficult
for short users
Can create shear forces on the L5/S1
The wrist movement to actually open the overhead been is contrary to typical
movement
Lifting and twisting between 10lbs and 40lbs to between 5’5”- 6’
A lot of pressure on the L5/S1
There is already a lack of movement room in the walkway
32. Lavatory Controls
The advantage of the controls in a bathroom is that most
people have some previous training
Toilet Paper holder location
Garbage Location
The sink and flush controls are not soo bad
The size of the room is not so great, but that shall be
discussed in the ergonomics section
33. Controls and Displays at the Seat
Touch screen controls and usability will rely heavily on different
display design principles
A great tool would be the Nielsen usability heuristics
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
Credit Card swipe not in the best of places in the top view
Things they’re doing right
Has 100 directTV channels and 100 SiriusXM channels
Includes Wifi with amazon video
34. Overhead Controls
Important controls and displays are up and out of the
way
Ever get hot?
Ever need some light?
Ever need some help?
Knobs are difficult to adjust
Risk safety for controls?
How about safety related notifications?
Should you have to hyperextend your neck to see
important displays?
35. Workload, Stress, & Safety
on the jetBlue Airbus A320
WORKLOAD
STRESS
SAFETY
FATIGUE & PERFORMANCE
38. Job
Tasks
Preflight Checks
safety equipment demos
passenger boarding
baggage stowing
serving beverages,
snacks, and meals
assisting special needs
giving medical attention
working within time
constraints
39. PRE-FLIGHT
Participate in preflight briefings with the
pilots, to discuss cabin conditions and
flight details
Conduct preflight inspections of
emergency equipment
Demonstrate the use of safety
equipment and emergency equipment
Ensure that passengers have their
seatbelts fastened when required and
that all other safety requirements are
met
IN-FLIGHT
Serve, and sometimes sell, beverages,
meals, or snacks
Take care of passengers’ needs,
particularly those with special needs
Reassure passengers during the flight,
such as when the aircraft hits turbulence
Administer and coordinate emergency
medical care, as needed
If an emergency arises, provide
direction to passengers, including how
to evacuate the aircraft
POST-FLIGHT
Before they leave the plane, flight
attendants survey the condition of the
cabin.
They submit reports on any medical,
safety, or security issues that may have
occurred during the flight.
Workload
Before the plane lands, flight attendants
once again ensure that seatbelts are
fastened, seats are locked in the upright
position, and all carry-on and galley
items are properly stowed.
42. Work Environment
Stressors
Direct dealings with public
Unruly passengers
Anxious passengers
Turbulence
Emergency conditions
Stand for long periods of time
Spend many nights away from home
43. Hazards and Safety Issues
Injuries & Illnesses
In Cabin
Overhead bags
Rolling carts
Hot Foods
Exposure to ill passengers
Stress Related
Irregular sleep patterns
Stress of frequent travel
44. Fatigue and Performance
Work Schedules
Nights, weekends, holidays – often work “on-call”
Must be adaptable to flexible scheduling
75 to 100 hours per month flying, 50 hours on ground – flight prep,
reports, waiting for aircraft
Typical shift 12 to 14 hours, duty time can be increased for
international flights
Mandatory Rest periods of at least 9 consecutive hours between duty
periods, not including commute time
55. Natalie- Psychology PhD.
Student
20-39 years old
64.9 inches
155.9 pounds
User:
Passenger
56. Carol- Retired
60+ years old
63 inches
157 pounds
User:
Passenger
57. Female: 47.2 years old, 64.4 inches, 166.1 pounds
Male: 45.3 years old, 69.9 inches, 199.3 pounds
Job description
Brief passengers on safety protocols and location of emergency
items
Assist passengers in loading carry-on bags
Ensure all safety requirements are met before take-off
Keep cabins tidy
Serve and sell food and beverages to passengers
Take care of passengers with special needs and provide first aid
when necessary
Inform passengers of any trouble and provide reassurance when
necessary
Direct passengers during an emergency with the proper procedures
User: Flight Attendant
In the last 5 years, how many of you have flown on an airplane?
How many of you have flown on an airplane that lasted longer than 3 hours?
How many of you have felt like the feeling this comic gives off?
This comic illustrates the sad reality of air travel today where passengers are forced to succumb to being packed into the coach section without any consideration for their comfort.
Picture: http://cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=24009
In the same vein, and this is sort of an anecdote (it has only happened to me one time, in all my flight travel, just once, and its honestly the best feeling when you’re just able to plop your stuff on the seat next to you. Not in front of you, not under you, not over you, just next to you on a seat because one person missed their flight.
But this event is like the lottery, you’re more likely to get hit by lightening than you are to have a comfortable time traveling on an airplane with a seat empty next to you.
http://theoatmeal.com/pl/airplane_heard/awesome
The point I’m trying to illustrate with these comics is that as air travel becomes more affordable and more people choose it as their primary means of traveling across the country, airlines are looking at the bottom dollar rather than embracing a human factors approach to creating both a safe and comfortable environment for air travel.
In 2016 alone, according to the Bureau of Transformation Statistics, there were 823 million passengers on US carriers of which 719 million were domestic passengers.
On further delving into this, according to the US Travel association, I found that residents in the US logged 1.7 billion person-trips for leisure (i.e. trips taken away from home) and 460 million person-trips for business. Close to one trillion dollars was spent on making all these trips.
We also looked at the some user demographics of the people who do regularly travel on airplanes and found that according to Statista, the age groups between 18-29 ad 30-59 on 47% of them take a trip once every 6 months. This is especially important to consider when designing the coach section of an airline.
https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/press_releases/bts013_17
https://www.ustravel.org/answersheet
https://www.statista.com/statistics/316365/air-travel-frequency-us-by-age/
3 reasons:
No regulating authority for interior design that focuses on human centered perspective in airplanes (FAA doesn’t regulate)
Outdated anthropometric data used for current designs
More air travel, more pressure on employees, greater need for regulated processes.
The FAA specifies the basic necessities that each airplane must have for safety but does not regulate the interiors of the airplane itself. In July of this year, a federal court in Washington DC finally demanded that the FAA look into reviewing seat sizes and spaces between seats since they may impact passenger safety.
It is also important to take into account that the average American has grown larger, and yet most airlines are taking base their allocated space on reports generated in the 1960’s. This will definitely have an impact on the design of the aircraft.
With more air travel and catering to more coach passengers, it’s important that we also focus on maintaining safe processes for the employees that work in the airplanes. Training these professionals on changing designs and adjusting to passenger needs is also fairly important.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/business/airline-seat-size-faa.html
Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults United States 2010- 2014, CDC
The jetBlue Airbus A320 is a single-aisle aircraft with 150 seats in a 3 x 3 seating configuration.
There is no first class section, only a standard Coach class and “even more space” coach class, which offers passengers additional leg room. The cabin is open, meaning there is no division between the different Coach class seats.
There are 3 lavatories and 2 galley areas.
http://theflight.info/seat-map-airbus-a320-200-jetblue-best-seats-in-plane/
There are 108 Standard coach seats and 42 “Even More Room” seats on the Jetblue A320.
The seats themselves are made of leather and, depending on how old the aircraft is, have varying levels of contouring to fit the body. They are 17.8 inches wide, have armrests that can be raised and lowered, and can recline to 3.8” past the upright position. They also have a fold out tray-table and storage pouch on the back, carry-on storage underneath, a life vest located in a pouch on the underside of the seat, and a seat bottom that can be used for flotation.
http://help.jetblue.com/SRVS/CGI-BIN/webisapi.dll?New,Kb=askBlue,case=obj(383379)#s6
https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/JetBlue_Airways/JetBlue_Airways_Airbus_A320.php#seatMapKeyLegend
http://www.aviationexplorer.com/jetblue_airlines_aircraft_cabin_seating_charts.html
https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/trip-reports/1341862-jetblue-inaugural-dfw-may-1-2012-dfw-bos.html?styleid=22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0abofrWYCLs –safety video
Seat pitch is the space between rows. It is determined by measuring from the same position on two seats, one in front of the other. The higher the measurement of seat pitch, the more legroom a passenger will have.
http://www.airlinequality.com/info/seat-pitch-guide/
Standard coach seats in the JetBlue A320 have a 34” seat pitch, while the “Even More Space” seats have a 38-39” seat pitch.
http://help.jetblue.com/SRVS/CGI-BIN/webisapi.dll?New,Kb=askBlue,case=obj(383379)#s6
http://www.aviationexplorer.com/jetblue_airlines_aircraft_cabin_seating_charts.html
The total width of the A320 passenger cabin is 146 inches. As you can see in the image on the left, it is 143 inches from armrest to armrest.
Adjusting the calculations for a seat width of 17.8 inches rather than 18” shown in the image, the middle aisle on Jetblue’s A320 measures a narrow 20.2” wide.
http://singleflyer.com/2016/07/13/jetblue-mileage-run/
http://www.modernairliners.com/airbus-a320-introduction/airbus-a320-interior/
There are two galley areas on the a320, 1 in the front of the plane and one in the rear.
The galley is used by the flight crew for food preparation and storage, service cart storage, heating food and water, and storing some emergency supplies.
http://cabincrewsafety.com/info/news/2014/68/aircraft-galley-training-solutions.html
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (n.d.). Retrieved October 02, 2017, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=9724&p_table=STANDARDS
Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational biomechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational biomechanics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience.
As a passenger the first control you come in contact with on the A320 is the overhead luggage bin. You click open the large latch with your thumb on the inside and four fingers on the outside in a grasping mechanism. Releasing the latch then automatically opens the storage. To close the storage, we need to push down bin to close the latch securely.
Problems:
Need to be tall enough to reach the control. Since the clearance height for the Airbus A320 is 7’1 , the overhead luggage compartment sits at > 5’5. Might be difficult for some people to reach (especially close down) (ref page 69, Human Factors Design Standards PDF), Might be hard for someone to push down.
Exhibit 5.2.2.5.1.7 Maximum force limits for pulling and pushing units of
equipment using handles or grasp areas. (Note: specified forces for certain angles when arms are raised)
5.2.2.5.1.3 Units of equipment weighing between 4.5 and 18 kg (10 to 40 lb).
Units of equipment weighing between 4.5 kg (10 lb) and 18 kg (40 lb) shall have
one or more handles that permit easy handling of the unit by one person.
[Source: AFSC DH 1-3, 1980; UCRL-15673, 1985]
Seatbelt can be controlled and adjusted to passenger waist measurements. Again a grasping motion is used to open and close the clasp of the seatbelt.
Seat adjuster located on the inside right armrest allows for reclining the seat. When pushed down, the passenger can push back on the seat with force to start the recline. When the button is let go, the seat will stop reclining and stay in that position. If the button is pushed without applying force to the back by the passenger the seat will go back to an upright position.
The headrests on the JetBlue A320-200 are adjustable. The can be folded along the crease to provide support to the passenger.
Problems:
What if seatbelt doesn't’t fit you correctly?
Passengers don’t intuitively know how to work the recline. The ominous silver button does not give an labeled information about how to use it.
Foot Rest not intuitively known
Adjustable headrest not indicated. Headreset might actually not reach the head (should be able to control it up and down too.
Pic: https://farm5.static.flickr.com/4127/5122137580_e7f0411e6a_b.jpg
Problem:
Latch to hold tray table too small. Area to grip and move from side to side might cause injury based on current anthropometric data and latch design principles
Credit card slot ends right at the tray table. Credit card may break due to excessive force. Doesn’t account for new chip cards.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P7qygSgT9hk/maxresdefault.jpg
Problems:
Controls out of reach of passengers during flight while seated. If seatbelt sign is on and the person needs help, they might have to compromise safety for the sake of pushing the button.
Knobs for adjusting airflow from the air condition controls too ridged, materials(plastic) too slippery to control easily
Knobs for adjusting light position, made of plastic, difficult to adjust correctly if not already in place
Controls:
1- Faucet with a small indication of of red and blue (labeling) to indicate which side it should be turned for hot or cold water.
2- Small knob (lift up and down) for blocking and releasing water
3- Hinged latch door with label for trash can
4- Two toilet paper holders (when filled used for unrolling toilet paper)
5- Toilet Seat and cover (both can be moved up and down for open and close)
6- Button behind toilet – flushing mechanism
7- Space for toilet seat covers (behind toilet)
Image: http://mentalfloss.com/article/502891/10-fascinating-facts-about-airplane-bathrooms
Problems:
Too claustrophobic of a space. Limbs might not be able to fully extend to use controls with ease (toilet paper, if long hands might have to move body away from the toilet, or dig elbows into your back)
Hinged door too low and too small to comfortably put trash through.
Pic 1: http://latinflyer.com/airlines/airline-review-jetblue-airbus-a320-cartagena-to-new-york/
Pic 2: http://image.airlineratings.com/articles/jetBlueJFK_EMS005.jpg
2 sizes of screens – 5.6’’ and 10.1’’ screen. High contrast, can increase brightness to suit individual customers.
Has live TV and multiple channels for watching. It also contains pre-selected on demand movies that can be purchased by customer.
Problems:
No haptic feedback, customer doesn’t know if the thing they’ve pressed on the screen has been selected until the screen moves on.
Seatbelt: https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-risky-thing-we-all-do-on-a-plane
Advantages: Contrasting colors. Colors used are culturally appropriate as red and orange capture attention. Green return to seat sign is also bright.
Problems:
Out of range of regular head motions (60 degrees up and 45 degrees down) when seated. Would be better if it were situated on the display panel on the seat.
In the bathroom – while display usually placed under the mirror, not immediately visible. Should also have a auditory feedback if things are getting bad enough to go back to the seat.
https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8007/7653848312_0808570b8d_b.jpg
http://cdn.travelpulse.com/images/99999999-9999-9999-9999-999999999999/e01e2b3f-1c66-e511-8b9f-0050568e420d/630x355.jpg
Displays:
Exit signs labeled clearly. In red to provide contrast against the white and make it stand out clearly. All associated mechanisms related to exit are grouped together with clear display instructions on how exit should occur from the airplane.
Problems:
Letters could be larger? In contrast to the space, it seems quite small (think I saw something about it in the Human factors handbook.)
In a nutshell: Flight attendants provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers.
The first people you’ll see as you step onto the aircraft are flight attendants. jetBlue is required by the Federal Aviation Administration to provide 4 flight attendants on the Airbus A320 for the safety and security of the passengers. (The number of flight attendants is determined by the number of seats on a plane.)
Though many people believe attendants are there for their comfort, the primary job of flight attendants is to keep passengers safe, ensuring that everyone follows security regulations and that the flight deck is secure. However, flight attendants also try to make flights comfortable and stress free for passengers. At times, they may deal with passengers who display disruptive behavior.
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
196 pages of Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices
http://www.airlinequality.com/info/seat-pitch-guide/
Flight attendants typically do the following:
Participate in preflight briefings with the pilots, to discuss cabin conditions and flight details
Conduct preflight inspections of emergency equipment
Demonstrate the use of safety equipment and emergency equipment
Ensure that passengers have their seatbelts fastened when required and that all other safety requirements are met
Serve, and sometimes sell, beverages, meals, or snacks
Take care of passengers’ needs, particularly those with special needs
Reassure passengers during the flight, such as when the aircraft hits turbulence
Administer and coordinate emergency medical care, as needed
If an emergency arises, provide direction to passengers, including how to evacuate the aircraft
Airlines are required by law to provide flight attendants for the safety and security of passengers. The primary job of flight attendants is to keep passengers safe, ensuring that everyone follows security regulations and that the flight deck is secure. Flight attendants also try to make flights comfortable and stress free for passengers. At times, they may deal with passengers who display disruptive behavior.
About 1 hour before takeoff, the captain (pilot) may conduct a preflight briefing with flight attendants about relevant flight information, including the number of hours the flight will take, the route the plane will travel, and weather conditions. Flight attendants must ensure that emergency equipment is working, the cabin is clean, and there is an adequate supply of food and beverages on board. Flight attendants greet passengers as they board the aircraft, direct them to their seats, and provide assistance as needed.
Before the plane takes off, flight attendants demonstrate the proper use of safety equipment to all passengers, either in person or through a video recording. They also ensure that seatbelts are fastened, seats are locked in the upright position, and all carry-on items are properly stowed in accordance with federal law and company policy.
A flight attendant’s most important responsibility, however, is to help passengers in the event of an emergency. This responsibility ranges from dealing with unruly passengers to performing first aid, fighting fires, protecting the flight deck, and directing evacuations. Flight attendants also answer questions about the flight, attend to passengers with special needs, and generally assist all passengers as needed.
Before the plane lands, flight attendants once again ensure that seatbelts are fastened, seats are locked in the upright position, and all carry-on and galley items are properly stowed.
Before they leave the plane, flight attendants survey the condition of the cabin. They submit reports on any medical, safety, or security issues that may have occurred during the flight.
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
196 pages of Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices PUBLISHED BY IATA
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade association for the world’s airlines, representing some 275 airlines or 83% of total air traffic. We support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues.
http://www.iata.org/
FAA regulations on OPERATIONS, SUBPART ___ …
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=40b94aad368d833c1dd08d5e4c93dd5e&mc=true&n=pt14.3.121&r=PART&ty=HTML#sp14.3.121.j
Turbulence is the leading cause of injury to Flight Attendants. Since January 2017, at least one turbulence event with injuries has been reported every month. The Association of Professional Flight Attendants has created best practices for deaing with the three leels of turbulence experienced during flight: light, moderate, severe.
-https://www.apfa.org/images/safety/Turbulence-Best-Practices-2017.pdf
Work Environment About this section
Flight attendants make sure all overhead luggage is properly stored.
Flight attendants work primarily in the cabin of passenger aircraft. Dealing directly with the public and standing for long periods can be stressful and tiring. Occasionally, flight attendants must deal with turbulence, which can make providing service more difficult and causes anxiety in some passengers. Although rare, dealing with emergencies and unruly customers also can be difficult and cause stress.
Flight attendants spend many nights away from home and often sleep in hotels or apartments shared by a group of flight attendants.
Association of Professional Flight Attendants:
Thirty-four percent of all flight attendants have been injured on the job since 2003
One in four flight attendants lost work time due to an injury while on duty
In 2003, American Airlines flight attendants lost injury pay protection in contract restructuring
Injuries and Illnesses
Injuries may occur when overhead compartments are opened, during turbulence, when the attendant is pushing carts, or during aircraft emergencies. In addition, medical problems can arise from irregular sleep patterns, the stress of frequent travel, and exposure to ill passengers. As a result, flight attendants experience some work-related injuries and illnesses.
Work Schedules
Flight attendants usually have variable schedules. They often work nights, weekends, and holidays because airlines operate every day and have overnight flights. In most cases, a contract between the airline and the flight attendant union determines the total daily and monthly workable hours. A typical on-duty shift is usually about 12 to 14 hours per day. However, duty time can be increased for international flights. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that flight attendants receive at least 9 consecutive hours of rest following any duty period before starting their next duty period.
Attendants usually fly 75 to 100 hours a month and generally spend another 50 hours a month on the ground, preparing flights, writing reports, and waiting for aircraft to arrive. They can spend several nights a week away from home. During this time, employers typically arrange hotel accommodations and a meal allowance.
An attendant’s assignments of home base and route are based on seniority. New flight attendants must be flexible with their schedule and location. Almost all flight attendants start out working on call, also known as reserve status. Flight attendants on reserve usually live near their home airport, because they have to report to work on short notice.
As they earn more seniority, attendants gain more control over their schedules. For example, some senior flight attendants may choose to live outside their home base and commute to work. Others may choose to work only on regional flights. On small corporate airlines, flight attendants often work on an as-needed basis and must be able to adapt to changing schedules. About 1 in 4 flight attendants worked part time in 2014.
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-2
Stressed yet?
Wickens, C. D. (2014). An introduction to human factors engineering. Harlow: Pearson.
As Arousal Increases, there is a level of peak performance.
Figure 13.4
Wickens, C. D. (2014). An introduction to human factors engineering. Harlow: Pearson.
Positive Reviews
5/30/2016 - “I found my economy seat to be really roomy for me at 5’10”, however, it would have been nice to have several extra inches to stretch out during the long flight home. The seat itself is a “slimline” design but I found it to be comfortable and appreciated that the headrest came with adjustable side cushions, making sleeping a bit more cozy.”
10/9/2015 - “The plane also has a dedicated “Marketplace” section (including a fridge-full of Coca-Cola products) located between the Mint and coach cabins, something I’d previously only seen on international flights. The fact that I could just get up and get whatever I wanted without having to ask a flight attendant for help was a welcome touch.”
10/9/2015 “I also loved that JetBlue offers live TV, free snacks and free Wi-Fi. The flight attendants on this flight were friendly and helpful and the clean, modern atmosphere of the A321 kept this six hour and 20-minute flight from feeling stuffy or stale.”
http://www.airlinequality.com/airline-reviews/jetblue-airways/
https://thepointsguy.com/2016/05/jetblue-airbus-a321-review-las-jfk/
https://bestcompany.com/airlines/company/jetblue
Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001
Fryar, C. D., Quiping, G., Ogden, C. L., & Flegal, K. M. (2016.). Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.1037/e623932009-001