General Chemistry I Laboratory Experiment PERIODIC TRENDS IN GROUP II REPORT SHEET Name: _____________________________ Date: __________ Determine the Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Salts Table 1 – Observations of reactivity of Alkaline Earth Salts Metal Describe the reaction with water. Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive (use > symbol): Is the data consistent with the order of the Group 2 elements on the Periodic Table? REPORT SHEET: Describe the reaction with waterBe: Describe the reaction with waterMg: Describe the reaction with waterCa: Describe the reaction with waterSr: Describe the reaction with waterBa: Is the data consistent with the order of the Group 2 elements on the Periodic Table 1: Text1: Text2: General Chemistry I Laboratory Experiment Periodic Trends in Group II Objective In this experiment, the trend in one of the several periodic properties for group II of the Periodic Table will be determined. Introduction Elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical and physical properties that gradually change as one goes from one element in the group to the next. By observing the trends in properties, the elements can be arranged in the order in which they appear in the Periodic Table. In this experiment we will study the properties of the elements in Group II (2), the alkaline earth metals. Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Metals The alkaline earth elements are in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. In this experiment Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, and Sr will be studied. All of the alkaline earth metals are M2+ cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.) when they combine with nonmetals in ionic compounds and when they are in aqueous solution. The reactivity of the cations of beryllium, barium, calcium, magnesium, and strontium will be examined. The metal cations will be reacted with water. The information will be used to rank the reactivity of the metal cations. If a solution containing one of these cations is mixed with a solution containing an anion, the alkaline earth salt will precipitate if the compound containing those two ions is insoluble. The anions used for testing the alkaline earth cations in this experiment is OH M(s) + H2O(l) M(OH)2(s) + H2(g) The solubilities of the compounds of the alkaline earth cations and the anions show a smooth trend consistent with the order of the cations in the Periodic Table. That is, as we go from one end of the alkaline earth family to the other, the solubilities of the hydroxide salts either gradually increase or decrease. By determining the solubility trends in this experiment, the order of the alkaline earths in the Periodic Table will be able to be confirmed. Pre-Lab Assignment As preparation for this experiment, do the following: · Open the prelab folder on Blackboard for this experiment and follow the instructions to prepare for this experiment. · Watch the video in the folder. Use to fill in the data sheet ...

1. General Chemistry I
Laboratory Experiment
PERIODIC TRENDS IN GROUP II
REPORT SHEET
Name: _____________________________ Date: __________
Determine the Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Salts
Table 1 – Observations of reactivity of Alkaline Earth Salts
Metal
Describe the reaction with water.
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive (use >
symbol):
Is the data consistent with the order of the Group 2 elements on
the Periodic Table?
REPORT SHEET: Describe the reaction with waterBe: Describe

2. the reaction with waterMg: Describe the reaction with waterCa:
Describe the reaction with waterSr: Describe the reaction with
waterBa: Is the data consistent with the order of the Group 2
elements on the Periodic Table 1: Text1: Text2:
General Chemistry I
Laboratory Experiment
Periodic Trends in Group II
Objective
In this experiment, the trend in one of the several periodic
properties for group II of the Periodic Table will be determined.
Introduction
Elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar
chemical and physical properties that gradually change as one
goes from one element in the group to the next. By observing
the trends in properties, the elements can be arranged in the
order in which they appear in the Periodic Table. In this
experiment we will study the properties of the elements in
Group II (2), the alkaline earth metals.
Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Metals
The alkaline earth elements are in Group 2 of the Periodic
Table. In this experiment Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, and Sr will be
studied. All of the alkaline earth metals are M2+ cations
(Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.) when they combine with nonmetals in ionic
compounds and when they are in aqueous solution. The
reactivity of the cations of beryllium, barium, calcium,
magnesium, and strontium will be examined. The metal cations
will be reacted with water. The information will be used to
rank the reactivity of the metal cations.
If a solution containing one of these cations is mixed with a
solution containing an anion, the alkaline earth salt will
precipitate if the compound containing those two ions is
insoluble. The anions used for testing the alkaline earth cations

3. in this experiment is OH
M(s) + H2O(l) M(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
The solubilities of the compounds of the alkaline earth cations
and the anions show a smooth trend consistent with the order of
the cations in the Periodic Table. That is, as we go from one
end of the alkaline earth family to the other, the solubilities of
the hydroxide salts either gradually increase or decrease. By
determining the solubility trends in this experiment, the order of
the alkaline earths in the Periodic Table will be able to be
confirmed.
Pre-Lab Assignment
As preparation for this experiment, do the following:
· Open the prelab folder on Blackboard for this experiment and
follow the instructions to prepare for this experiment.
· Watch the video in the folder. Use to fill in the data sheet and
answer the questions.
Procedure adapted from Slowinski, et al, Chemical Principles in
the Laboratory.
Periodic Trends in Group II
Report Sheet
Name: _____________________________ Section:
_________
Instructor: ____________________________ Date:
__________
Determine the Reactivity of Alkaline Earth SaltsTable 1 –
Observations of reactivity of Alkaline Earth Salts
Metal
Describe the reaction with water.
Be
Mg

4. Ca
Sr
Ba
Order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive:
Is the data consistent with the order of the Group 2 elements on
the Periodic Table?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
T. Mewhinney V.Johnson & B. Smith
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BAKS
3/27/2020
V. Johnson (7-27-2018) Page 1 of 3 BAKS 5/28/2020
General Chemistry I
Laboratory Experiment
Laboratory Techniques and Measurements

5. REPORT SHEET
Name: _____________________________ Date:
__________
MEASUREMENT # SIG FIGS
Length of Pen or Pencil (USING A RULER)
______________________ cm __________
Length of Book ______________________ cm __________
Width of Book ______________________ cm __________
Depth of Book ______________________ cm __________
Volume of Book (L x W x D) ______________________ cm
3
__________
Assumed Mass of the Book 566.982 g __________
Density of the Book ____________________ g/cm
3
__________
V. Johnson (7-27-2018) Page 2 of 3 BAKS 5/28/2020
Data and Calculations Copper Metal Slug
MEASUREMENT # SIG FIGS
Length of Copper SLUG (USING A RULER)
______________________ cm __________

6. Diameter of Copper SLUG (USING A RULER)
______________________ cm __________
Volume of Copper Slug (V =π r2L) __________________ cm
3
(mL) __________
Mass of Copper METAL SLUG ___54.387_____________ g
__________
Initial Volume of WATER in GRADUATED
CYLINDER COPPER METAL SLUG
______________________ mL __________
Final Volume of WATER in GRADUATED
CYLINDER COPPER METAL SLUG
______________________ mL __________
Total water displaced for COPPER METAL
SLUG
______________________ mL __________
Density of Copper Metal Slug by Measurement
(using Ruler)
_____________________ g/mL __________
Density of Copper Metal Slug by Measurement

7. (water displacement)
_____________________g/mL __________
Mass of Metal Weight from analytical balance
__________________g
1. Which is more precise for determining the volume, the ruler
or water displacement? Justify the
answer with using the obtained results.
V. Johnson (7-27-2018) Page 3 of 3 BAKS 5/28/2020
Submit measurement images and graph as per the instructions of
your
instructor.
Date: undefined: undefined_2: undefined_3: undefined_4:
undefined_5: undefined_6: gcm: undefined_7: undefined_8:
undefined_9: cm: undefined_10: undefined_11: undefined_12:
undefined_13: undefined_14: gmL: undefined_15: gmL_2:
undefined_16: g_2: answer with using the obtained results:
Text1: Text2: Text3: Text4: Text5: Text6: Text7: Text8: Text9:
Text10: Text11:
General Chemistry I
Laboratory Experiment
At HomeLaboratory Techniques and Measurements
Objective

8. · In this experiment, proper usage of some common laboratory
equipment will be learned to make measurements. Accuracy
and precision in measurement and their relationship to
significant figures will be investigated.
Introduction
Chemistry is an experimental science that relies on
measurements made in the laboratory. Both precision and
accuracy are important in measurement. Accuracy represents
how close the measurement, or an average of repeated
measurements, is to the true or accepted value. Accuracy is
dependent not only on the instrument used but on the skill of
the person taking the measurement. Precision of a series of
measurements represents how close the repeated measurements
are to each other. Precision is dependent only on the equipment
used to make the measurements.
A series of repeated measurements can be accurate but not
precise because the average is close to the accepted value but
the values are scattered from each other. Or the repeated
measurements can be precise but not accurate; the values are
close to each other but their average is far from the true value.
A series of measurements can be neither precise nor accurate,
but, of course, the best situation is to have both. Accuracy and
precision will both be strived for in the laboratory.
Poor accuracy, poor precision
Poor accuracy, high precision
High accuracy, high precision
Figure 1: Three different situations of three darts thrown at a
dart board explains accuracy versus precision

9. In Order to Record a Measurement Precisely:
1. Decide the value of each mark on a scale.
2. Count the marks.
3. Estimate ONE (and only one) additional place.
4. Include the units that have just been counted.
Record the measurement by writing the UNITS and ALL the
numbers that can accurately be measured and ESTIMATE ONE
MORE PLACE (ex 1.625 g )
Balances and volumetric glassware are commonly used in the
laboratory to make measurements of mass and volume. Since the
physical equipment used in making the measurement determines
the precision of the measurement, some balances and volumetric
glassware are more precise than others. The number of
markings or divisions on the equipment determines the precision
of the measurement. For example, time measurements made
using a watch marked in seconds can be expected to have better
precision (or reproducibility) than those made using a watch
marked in 5 minute increments. Generally speaking more the
number of decimal places, higher is the precision.
The number of significant digits in a measured value includes
all the digits that can be read from the divisions on the
equipment plus one estimated digit. By looking at the number of
significant digits in a measurement taken, we can determine the
uncertainly or error (precision) inherent in the measurement due
to the equipment. Digital instruments are read to the final digit
(all are significant).
TECHNIQUES LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Measuring length using rulers and Vernier Calipers.
Measuring mass using balances using images
Measuring Volume - Graduated Cylinder using images
Preparing graphs

10. Equipment and Chemicals (not all equipment will be used in
the At Home Setting)
Equipment:
Chemicals:
NFPA
mg Balance
Metric Ruler
Vernier Calipers
50 mL Graduated Cylinder
Computer with MS Excel
Pen or Pencil
Book
Metal Slug (cylinder)
Metal Weight
Deionized Water
0 0 0
ProcedurePart A: Measuring Length
1. Use the metric ruler to measure the length of a pen or pencil
in centimeters (cm). Read the ruler to the nearest one
hundredth of a centimeter (+/- 0.01 cm).
2. Record the measurements on the REPORT SHEET.
3. Take an image of the measurement using a cell phone and add
to the report sheet.
4. Use the metric ruler to measure the length width and depth of
a book in centimeters (cm). Read the ruler to the nearest one
hundredth of a centimeter (+/- 0.01 cm).
5. Record the measurements on the REPORT SHEET.
6. Take an image of the measurement using a cell phone and add
to the report sheet.
7. Calculate the volume of the book.
8. From the Image, use the metric ruler to measure the length
and diameter of the cylindrical metal slug in centimeters (cm).

11. Read the ruler to the nearest one hundredth of a centimeter (+/ -
0.01 cm).
9. Record the measurements on the REPORT SHEET.
Copper Slug Measurements
Part B: Measuring Mass
1. Zero the balance at on the lab bench by pressing the 0/T (or
Tare) button.
2. Place the metal weight carefully on the balance pan.
3. Record the mass of the metal weight on the report sheet.
4. The mass of the copper and silver metal slugs will be
provided on the report sheet.
Image from : https://www.wayfair.com/home/pdp/ktaxon-lab-
analytical-balance-digital-precision-scale-ktax1704.html
Part C: Measuring Volume
1. Reading the Volume of Liquids. Read the volume of the
colored liquid in the three display cylinders. Be sure to read the
bottom of the Meniscus (darkest colored portion) at the front.
2. Use the measurements from Part A to calculate the volume of
the metal slugs. Calculate the volume using the πr2 x L.
3. Volume of metal slugs by water displacement. Fill a 50 ml
graduated cylinder with water. Read the volume (this is known
as the initial volume). Carefully slide the metal slug into the
graduated cylinder. Read the volume (this is known as the final
volume). Take the difference to calculate the volume of water
displaced. Record the change in volume for both metal slugs
and record on the data sheet.

12. Copper Slug
Part D: Measuring Density
1. Calculating the Density for the book measured assuming the
mass of the book is 566.98 g
2. Calculating the Density for the Copper slug using the volume
calculated in part C by the water displacement method. The
Mass of the Copper Slug is 54.387 g.
Part E: Graphing
1. Use the following data set for the graphing exercise:
Volume ( mL )
Mass ( g )
0
0
3.34
2.180
6.54
4.322
9.98
6.617
13.11
8.804

13. 2. To prepare the graph, open an excel worksheet on the laptop.
3. Create two columns – volume in the first column & mass in
the second. Be sure to have the heading “volume” and “mass” in
each column. Do not put units along with the numbers.
xy scatter with markers only
Figure 3: Excel graph of mass versus volume
4. Using the mouse select/highlight the two columns that
contain mass and volume data, and then click the "Insert" tab on
the Excel main menu
5. Set the Excel graph to a "Scatter plot with only Markers"
type by selecting this option from the drop-down menu on the
"Charts: Scatter" section of the Excel Ribbon menu.
6. If the volume is located in the first column of data then it
will appear on the x-axis – make sure of this. Mass must be on
y-axis (why?)
7. Double-click on the Chart Title to change the default title to
“Mass versus volume”. Right click on the graph and click
“format axis”. A “+” sign should appear next to the graph –
click on it. Make sure axis title is selected. Click on and change
the vertical y-axis title to Mass (g) and the horizontal x-axis
title to Volume (mL).
8. Draw a straight line -- called a trendline -- through the data
by right-clicking on any data point and selecting "Add
Trendline" from the resulting pop-up box. A side window will
pop up.
9. Select "Linear", under trendline options. Check the “Set
Intercept” box, and set the intercept to zero. This action will
ensure the trendline is the best fit for the data. Also select the
“display equation on chart” and display R-square value”. Excel
will display the equation for the data with on the graph as well
as its R2 value.
10. Make final adjustments to the density graph, using "Format
Axis" and "Format Size" options. These allow changes to the

14. line thickness and color, and increase the size of the graph.
11. Click & select the graph. Use “Print selection” to print the
graph only. Be sure to print two copies.
12. Attach the graph to the data sheet and turn it in to the
instructor.
13. Return all equipment to the proper place. Put away the
cleaned glassware, lock the drawer and return the key.
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