2. Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are all
autotropic (capable of producing their own food by the
process of photosynthesis, the conversion of sunlight
energy into chemical energy).
Plants cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall, and within
the cytoplasm are chloroplasts containing the green
pigments called chlorophyll, which are involved in the
production of food.
Plants referred to as producers
3. Members of Kingdom Plantae can be divided into two
general groups based on the presence (vascular plants)
or absence (non-vascular plants) of vascular tissues that
transport water and nutrients within the plant body.
Non-vascular plants are mostly low-growing and do not
possess roots for absorbing water from the ground.
Examples of non-vascular plants are bryophytes.
Bryophytes are primitive forms of plants that lack
tracheids, the conducting cells forming vascular tissues.
4. Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are among the
common bryophytes. Bryophytes reproduce sexually
and asexually.
vascular plants have true vascular tissues containing
well-defined tubes which are suited fro life in dry land
and allow them to grow tall.
two types of vascular tissues
• Phloem – conducts manufactured food to other
parts of the body.
• Xylem – absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
5. Plants also reproduce sexually and asexually.
Seed plants develop as plant embryo called the seed
which is covered with one or more seed coats.
The seed contains stored food that nourishes the
growing plant until the early stages of growth.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds wherein their ovules
and seeds are not protected by a flower or fruit tissues.
Angiosperms have their seeds enclosed within the
protective wall of the ovary, the female sex organs.
6. Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are organisms whose ancestors existed on Earth
more 900 million years ago (Precambrian period) based
on the fossil records.
Kingdom fungi share common characteristics with
Kingdom Animalia and is believed that fungi and
animals descended from a common ancestor.
Members of this kingdom include mushroom, yeasts,
molds, mildews, rusts, bracket fungi, and many more.
7. Most fungi are saprophytic (absorb nutrients from dead
organisms) and parasitic (absorb nutrients from living
organisms, while others are predatory (kill other
organisms for food), or symbiotic (live in close
relationship with other organism).
Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. All fungi form
spores that are often airborne.
the cell wall of fungi contain chitin (a polysaccharide
found in the skeletons of arthropods) in contrast to the
cellulose found in plant cell walls.
8. The kingdom fungi includes some of the most important
organisms, both in terms of their ecological and economic
roles. By breaking down organic materials, they recycle
carbon and other elements, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, back to the environment where they can be
reused by other organisms.
The Earth would be a very messy place to live without the
fungi to break down the remains of dead organisms. In
addition, most vascular plants could not grow without the
symbiotic fungi, or mycorrhiza, that inhabit their roots and
supply essential nutrients.
