This document provides information about COVID-19 including current global and Philippine case statistics, etiology, risk factors, modes of transmission, preparing healthcare facilities for triage of COVID-19 patients, protecting healthcare workers, infection prevention and control measures in critical care, COVID-19 vaccines, facts about COVID-19, and concludes by thanking the reader. Key points covered include the causative virus, how it spreads, steps to limit transmission in healthcare settings, personal protective equipment recommendations, and debunking several common COVID-19 myths.

1. NCM 118 Lecture
Critical Care Nursing
ANNE MARGARET CALLANG BOTOR, RN
PREPARED BY:

2. Alterations in Ventilatory Function
CHAPTER 2

3. COVID 19

4. Covid 19
Worldwide:
216,229,741 confirmed cases
4,496,681 deaths
4,953,887,422 vaccine doses have been administered
Philippines:
1,935,495 confirmed cases
33,008 deaths
29,591,828 vaccine doses have been administered

5. Etiology
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

6. Risk Factors
▪ Close contact (within 6 feet, or 2 meters) with someone who
has COVID-19
▪ Being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person

7. Mode of Transmission
▪ Droplet
▪ Airborne
▪ Contact
▪ Fecal- oral

8. COVID IN HEALTH FACILITIES

9. Preparing for Triage
▪ Post clear signs at healthcare facility entrance to direct
patients to
▪ Telemedicine facility
▪ Those with fever and respiratory symptoms like cough or
breathing difficulty – immediately proceed to triage or
registration desk

10. Protecting the healthcare staff
▪ Install physical barriers (e.g. glass/plastic screens) at
registration desk to limit close contact between triage staff
and patients
▪ Identify isolation rooms or separate well-ventilated rooms
where suspected COVID-19 patients will be placed while
waiting for examination
▪ Provide masks/ face covers for all patients visiting the HCF

11. Setting up triage & waiting area

12. Sample visual alerts to post at facility entry

13. Protecting healthcare workers at triage
▪ All HCWs performing triage activities should adhere to standard precautions
at all times
▪ These HCWs should have convenient access to hand hygiene products
▪ HCWs conducting preliminary screening that does not require direct patient
contact should maintain at least 1 m distance
▪ These activities included interviewing patients about symptoms
▪ Exposures and/or taking temperatures with non-contact infrared
thermometer
▪ HCWs conducting physical examination of patients with respiratory symptoms
should wear gowns, gloves, face mask, and eye protection (goggles/face
shield)

14. IPC in critical care
▪ Use rapid sequence intubation (RSI) techniques to minimize aerosol
generation
▪ Aggressively control and suppress patient cough, as possible
▪ Consider more aggressive sedation/paralysis strategies to reduce
coughing
▪ Reduce suctioning as possible
▪ Use of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters on ventilators
or on the endotracheal tube

16. Protecting our employees' health
1. Limit infection entering your facility
▪ Cancel elective procedures
▪ Use telemedicine when possible
▪ Limit points of entry and manage visitors
▪ Screen patients for respiratory symptoms
▪ Encourage patient respiratory hygiene using alternatives to
facemasks (e.g. tissues to cover cough)

17. Protecting our employees' health
2. Isolate symptomatic patients as soon as possible
▪ Set up separate, well-ventilated triage areas
▪ Place patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in private
rooms with door closed and private bathroom

18. Protecting our employees' health
3. Protect healthcare personnel
▪ Emphasize hand hygiene
▪ Install barriers to limit contact with patients at triage
▪ Cohort COVID-19 patients
▪ Limit the numbers of staff providing their care
▪ Cohort staff working in isolation wards
▪ Prioritize respirators and AIIRs for aerosol-generating
procedures, and implement PPE optimization strategies to
extend supplies

19. How to ensure staff are safe during surgery?
▪ Elective surgeries should be postponed
▪ Standard infection control practices should be in place
▪ Take precautions when performing Aerosol-Generating Procedures (AGPs)
▪ Operating rooms should be allocated and signs posted on the doors to minimize staff
exposure
▪ If no general anesthesia:
▪ Patient should continue to wear the surgical mask
▪ If general anesthesia used:
▪ Place a HEPA filter between the Y-piece of the breathing circuit and the patient's mask,
endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway
▪ If available, use a closed suction system during airway suctioning

21. COVID VACCINES

22. ASTRAZENECA

23. BHARAT

24. JOHNSON & JOHNSON’S

25. MODERNA

26. PFIZER

27. SINOPHARM

28. SINOVAC

29. SPUTNIK

30. COVID FACTS

31. Hand sanitizers can be used often

32. Alcohol-based sanitizers are safe for
everyone to use

33. Alcohol-based sanitizers can be used
in religions where alcohol is
prohibited

34. It is safer to frequently clean your
hands and not wear gloves

35. Touching a communal bottle of
alcohol-based sanitizer will not
infect you

36. An alcohol-based hand rub is listed
as a WHO essential medicine

37. The amount of alcohol-based
sanitizer you use matters

38. Clinical trials confirm that
hydroxychloroquine does not prevent
illness or death from COVID

39. Vitamin and mineral supplements
cannot cure COVID-19

40. Is dexamethasone a treatment for all
COVID-19 patients?

41. People should NOT wear masks while
exercising

42. Water or swimming does not
transmit the COVID-19 virus

43. The likelihood of shoes spreading
COVID-19 is very low

44. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
is caused by a virus, NOT by bacteria

45. The prolonged use of medical masks
can be uncomfortable.

46. Most people who get COVID-19
recover from it

47. Drinking alcohol does not protect you
against COVID-19 and can be
dangerous

48. Thermal scanners CANNOT detect
COVID-19

49. Adding pepper to your soup or other
meals DOES NOT prevent or cure
COVID-19

50. Spraying and introducing bleach or
another disinfectant into your body
WILL NOT protect you against COVID-
19 and can be dangerous

51. Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach
DOES NOT prevent or cure COVID-19
and can be extremely dangerous

52. 5G mobile networks DO NOT spread
COVID-19

53. Exposing yourself to the sun or
temperatures higher than 25°C DOES
NOT protect you from COVID-19

54. Catching COVID-19 DOES NOT mean
you will have it for life

55. Being able to hold your breath for 10
seconds or more without coughing or
feeling discomfort DOES NOT mean
you are free from COVID-19

56. The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot
and humid climates

57. Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill
the COVID-19 virus

58. Taking a hot bath does not prevent
COVID-19

59. Hand dryers are NOT effective in
killing the COVID-19 virus

60. Ultra-violet (UV) lamps should NOT
be used to disinfect hands or other
areas of your skin

61. Vaccines against pneumonia DO NOT
protect against the COVID-19 virus

62. Rinsing your nose with saline does
NOT prevent COVID-19

63. Eating garlic does NOT prevent
COVID-19

64. People of all ages can be infected by
the COVID-19 virus

65. Thank you!