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Hello! I’m...
Anna Marie G. Tambal
2019-00242-PQ-0 | BSIT 3-2
Reporting: Thomistic Ethics
GEED 10093 - Ethics
Polytechnic University of the Philippines -
Parañaque Campus
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Table of Contents.-
01 - St. Thomas
Aquinas
02 -
Philosophy
04 - Eternal
Law
05 - Natural
Law
03 -
Law/Kinds of
Law
06 - Human
Law
07 - Divine Law 08 - Concepts
of What is
Good
09 - Thomistic
Ethics
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ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
In Ethics, Aquinas depends so heavily on
Aristotle. Like the Greek philosopher,
Aquinas believes that all actions are
directed towards ends and that happiness is
the final end. Aquinas thinks that happiness
consists in activities in accordance with
virtue. But like Augustine,Aquinas declares
that ultimate happiness is not attainable in
this life, for happiness in the present life
remains imperfect. True happiness,then, is
to be found only in the souls of the blessed in
heaven or in beatitude with God.
Also called the Angelic Doctor and Prince of
Scholastics, Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) is
an Italian philosopher and theologian who
ranks among the most important thinkers of
the medieval time period.
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"Every agent acts for an end.
Every agent acts for a good.
All things are directed to one
end, which is God. Man's
happiness does not consist in
wealth, worldly power, and
goods of the body. Human
happiness is not seated in the
senses. Man's ultimate
happiness is not in this life."
Thomas Aquinas believed:
"Every agent acts for an end. Every agent acts for a good. All things are directed to one end, which is God.
Man's happiness does not consist in wealth, worldly power, and goods of the body. Human happiness is
not seated in the senses. Man's ultimate happiness is not in this life."
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"Nature and supernature constitute the whole."
● Man must be open to nature as well as
to the supernature, the invisible.
● Man must move on to return to God
through his life of moral and religious
choice, and culminate in the way or
means to that end: Christ and His
Church.
Exitus - redditus
An exit from and return to God, who is both
an Alpha and Omega.
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"If the existence of a thing differs from its essence, this existence
must be caused by some exterior agent or by its essential
principles. That thing, whose existence differs from its essence,
must have its existence caused by another."
● Essence - "manner" (mode,way) of
existence. Essence is relative to
existence.
● Existence "esse" - ultimate actuality
and is also the nature
"essence" of God.
- makes every form or nature actual
Existence is that which makes every form or
nature actual. In God, there is no potentiality.
That, which has existence but is not existence, is
a being by participation. There can be no
accident in God. A subject is compared to its
accidents as potentiality to actuality; for subject
is in some sense made actual by its accidents.
But there can be no potentiality in God. Essence
is a qua form in relation to matter, but it is
potential in relation to existence. The form
determines the matter in the order of formal
causality.
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“Every being is not God, is God creature.”
Philosophy as Thomas understands depends on this:
(a) that there is a natural world; that its substantial
components regularly exercise their own causal
powers; that there are intelligent beings capable of
understanding the natural world by their own mental
powers; and
(b) that the world of creatures is totally based - for its
existence, endurance and operation - upon God, who
freely creates, conserves and cooperates with what He
has created.
❖ All governed by LAW
"Combines the theological principles of FAITH
with the philosophical principles of REASON"
For Thomas philosophy is ancilla theologiae
(handmaiden of theology). He held that;
(1) philosophy can prove by means of reason
unaided by revelation of some truths proposed
by Christian faith; (2) it can clarify truths which
cannot be proved; and, (3) it can defend the
principles of Christian faith against their
detractors.
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Law
"Law is a certain rule and measure of acts
whereby man is induced to act or is
restrained from acting." Because the rule
and measure of human actions is reason,
law has an essential relation to reason; in the
first place to divine reason and in the second
place to human reason, when it acts
correctly (in accordance with the purpose or
final cause implanted in it by God.)
Promulgation
the application of the law to those to whom it
is applied and the communication of this law
to them -is essential to the nature of the law.
The natural law is promulgated by God: "God
has instilled it into human minds so as to be
known by them naturally."
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Four Main Kinds of Law
The Eternal The Natural
The Human The Divine
01 02
03 04
The last three all depend on the first, but in
different ways. Were we to arrange them in a
hierarchy, eternal would be at the top, then
natural, then human. Divine law is not in
conflict with natural law, but it reaches
human beings by a different route, revelation.
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THE ETERNAL
LAW
Eternal law is identical to the mind of God as
seen by God himself. It can be called law
because God stands to the universe which
he creates as a ruler does to a community
which he rules. When God's reason is
considered as it is understood by God
Himself (ex. in its unchanging, eternal nature,
it is eternal law).
Refers to the rational plan of God by which
all creation is ordered. As God is the
supreme ruler of everything, the rational
pattern or form of universe that exists in His
mind is the law that directs everything in the
universe to its appointed end. To this eternal
law, everything in the universe is subject.
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THE NATURAL LAW
Natural law is a special kind of knowledge about
human beings and human nature.
Specific norms of natural Law:
1) The first inclination to the good is common to all
created reality.
- Preserve and protect life
2) The second inclination to the good is generic to
animals.
- procreation and education of offspring
3) The third inclination to the good is specific to
humans.
- Reason
Is that aspect of the eternal law
which is accessible to human
reason. Because mankind is part of
the eternal order, there is a portion of
the eternal law that relates
specifically to human conduct. This is
the moral law, the law or order to
which people are subject by their
nature ordering them to do good and
avoid evil.
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THE HUMAN
LAW
Refers to the positive laws. For natural law to be adhered
to, more exact and forceful provisions of human law are
helpful. Because the natural law is too broad to provide
particular guidance, the human law's precise rules of
behavior are supposed to spell out what the natural law
prescribes. Moral virtues are also reinforced by and
cultivated through these human laws. This human law
includes the civil and criminal laws, though only those
formulated in the light of practical reason and moral
laws. Human laws that are against natural law are not
real laws, and people are not obliged to obey those
unjust laws.
Human laws are enacted and put
in force in our human
communities. This fits just those
so-called positive laws which are
what written and enacted laws
should be. So-called laws which
fall short of what they should be
are not true laws at all, according
to Thomas.
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THE DIVINE LAW
Divine law is derived from eternal law as it
appears historically to humans, especially
through revelation when it appears to
human beings as divine commands.
1) The Old Law (Old Testament)- Ten
Commandments
2) The New Law (New Testament) - the
teachings of Jesus
Old Law - commands conduct externally
reaches humans through their capacity for
fear - Law promised earthly rewards (social
peace and its benefits)
New Law - commands internal conduct -
reaches humans by the example of divine
love - promises heavenly reward
Serves to complement the
other types of law. It is a law
of revelation, disclosed
through sacred text or
Scriptures which is also
directed toward man's
eternal end. Though
concerned also with external
aspects of conduct , the
divine law is more focused on
how man can be inwardly
holy and eventually attain
salvation.
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CONCEPTS OF
WHAT IS GOOD
a. Instrumental Good/Value - refers to the function of
usefulness. It can be used to attain something else of value
(ex. Pencil, money, forests, etc.)
b. Intrinsic Good/Value - when it is valued for itself not only
for its uses (Ex. Family, friendship, national parks, etc.)
c. Inherent Worth - an object has inherent worth if it is good
in itself, independent of any human valuing (ex. Human
dignity, respect, religious traditions, humans).
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Aquinas ethical theory
states that for an action
to be moral, the kind it
belongs to must not be
bad, the circumstances
must be appropriate,
and the intention must
be virtuous.
HAPPINESS, MORAL
VIRTUES AND
THEOLOGICAL
VIRTUES
Aquinas believes that all actions are directed
towards ends and that happiness is the final
end. He also thinks that happiness is not
equated with pleasure, material possessions,
honor, or any sensual good, but consists in
activities in accordance with virtue. A person
needs a moral character cultivated through
the habits of choice to realize real happiness.
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AN ANALYSIS OF
THOMISTIC ETHICS
One of Aquinas' accomplishments in Ethics is being
able to mention, as much as possible, all of the things
that matter in ethical evaluation of actions. He holds
that the goodness or badness of an action lies in the
interior act of will, in the external bodily act, in the very
nature of the act, and even in its consequences.
Moreover, he avers that what matters in morality is not
only what one actually does but also his intention in
doing the act.
Aquinas like Aristotle, is a virtue ethicist. But
while Aquinas is in many ways Aristotelian, he
rejects the belief normally ascribed to Aristotle
that there are no universally true general
principle of morality. Aquinas' doctrine of natural
law categorically discards wholesale
particularism.
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AN ANALYSIS OF
THOMISTIC ETHICS
Thomistic ethics is comparatively applicable. His
specific prescriptions to do good, avoid evil, pursue
knowledge, and live at peace with our neighbors
suggest, for instance, that governments should uphold
scientific and technological endeavors that intend to
produce advantageous outcomes. On the other hand,
the theory recommends that no institutions should
advocate the production of weapons of mass
destruction or the abuse of human beings by others.
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True philosophy cannot conflict with
Christian faith but it can fall short of it -
e.g., the existence of God as efficient
cause of the universe can be established
by reason alone, the full meaning of
"God" can only come from faith.
― St. Thomas Aquinas