1. Advancement in Vaccination
(Needle free Immunization)
Manoj Prajapati, Dr. S.K.Kashaw
Email id :- prajapatidaksha13@gmail.com
Department of pharmaceutical sciences, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University Sagar (M.P.)
INTRODUCTION
* Most childhood vaccines are delivered through injection. This increases the risk
that HIV, hepatitis, and other serious diseases might be transmitted by unsterile
syringes and needles. Injecting vaccines can be a complex process, and used
syringes and needles create a major waste disposal problem.
* This Vaccine delivery systems that target specific areas of the body have the
potential to be simpler and less prone to risk of infection, as well as especially
effective against some types of infection. For example, inhaled vaccines may better
guard against respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, and those that commonly
infect the tissues of the nose and throat, such as diphtheria.
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Fundamental themes remain in common world
* First - high immunization coverage of target populations
generally must be attained for maximal public health
impact,
* Second - most current vaccines are administered
parenterally using a needle and syringe,
* Third - there is a broad recognition of the need to find
ways to administer vaccines without the use of 'sharps',
that is, needles and syringes”.
* This process involves Needle-free injection devices, transcutaneous
immunization, and mucosal immunization. Promising newer technologies in oral
vaccination include, using attenuated bacteria as vectors and transgenic plant
"edible" vaccines.
* Even though vaccinations have saved lives over the years, one of the major
hurdles to overcome is the use of needles or “sharps” to deliver the vaccines.
Millions of needles and syringes are used each day in health care.
* The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 12 billion injections are
given each year. Only about 5% are used in the delivery of vaccines for
immunization and prevention of infectious diseases.
Why consensus however they have Drawbacks ?
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* Vaccines having follwing Drawbacks :-
- Pain and irritation of vaccination site
- Lack of compliance
- Safety Problem
- Speed and efficiency
- Cost-efficiency and logistics
What are needle-free vaccinations?
* Needle-free vaccines are vaccines delivered without a needle.
* Although needle-free delivery systems exist for many drugs, vaccines present a
challenge because they usually consist of large molecules that cannot be easily
delivered transdermally.
* The different methods of administrating needle-free vaccines :-
- Vaccines delivered through mucosal surfaces
- Needle-free percutaneous jet injection
- Trans Cutaneuous Immunization (TCI)
- Aerosol vaccine
- Oral vaccines
- Nasal vaccines
The current status of needle-free vaccines
* In recent years, several biotech companies worldwide
have invested millions of dollars in developing, testing and
finalizing different forms of needle-free delivery systems
for all kinds of drugs, not only vaccines
* The most promising of the needle-free vaccination
systems at this juncture is Trans Cutaneuous Immunization
(TCI).
* Several benefits of the TCI have founded as:
- Cost-effective
- Safe
- Fast distribution
- Easy storage (can be stockpiled!)
- Easy administration (self-administrable)
Views of various scientists about this system
- Needle-free vaccines are generally safer, simple, and more convenient
- A lot less scary .
- They let you escape the emotional aspects of that big needle coming right
at you .
- The experts spoke at the 51st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy about a number of skin-based needle-free
vaccinations on the market and in development.
Immunization without needles
The inherent features of the Nanopatch delivery technology
* Provide some key benefits that include:
- Improved immunogenicity - No cold chain - Pain free
- Needle free - Cost effective
* The needle-free injection systems have significant
advantages over needle and syringes in several ways:
- Greater patient acceptance and compliance.
- Safety risk to healthcare workers from needlestick injuries.
- Decreased risk of penetrating a patient's vein or delivering
medication to an unintended site.
- Potential improved efficacy due to “different” drug distribution.
- Enhanced vaccine immune response.
- Eliminates "sharps" waste
-No need for a “sharps’ container for disposal of syringe
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