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FFA ppt.pptx
1. D R . G . N A G E S W AR R A O ; M D
A S S O . P R O F. O P H T H A L M O L O G Y, K I M S
V I T R E O - R E T I N A L S U R G E O N
Fundus fluorescein angiography
3. LUMINESCENCE & fluorescence
Luminescence:- Emission of light from any source
other than high temperature
It occurs when energy in the form of electromagnetic
radiation is absorbed and then re-emitted at another
frequency
Fluorescence:- luminescence that is maintained
only by continuous excitation
6. Purpose of ffa
studying the normal physiology of the retinal
and choroidal circulation,as well as disease
process affecting the macula.
Evaluation of the vascular integrity of the
retinal and choroidal vessels
Check the integrity of the blood ocular barrier.
- outer blood retinal barrier breaks in CSR
- inner blood retinal barrier breaks in NVD,NVE
7. Therefore ,
it helps :
In clinical diagnosis
to determine extent of damage
To formulate treatment strategy for choroidal and
retinal disease
To monitor result of treatment
10. contraindications
ABSOLUTE
1) known allergy to iodine containing compounds.
2) H/O adverse reaction to FFA in the past.
RELATIVE
1) Asthma
2) Hay fever
3) Renal failure
4) Hepatic failure
5) Pregnancy ( especially 1st trimester)
11. Adverse effects
MILD MODERATE SEVERE
Staining of skin,
sclera and
mucous
membrane
Nausea and
vomiting
Respiratory-
laryngeal edema
,bhroncospasm
Stained secretion
Tear, saliva
Vasovagal
response
Circulatory
shock, MI,
cardiac arrest
Vision tinged
with yellow
urticaria Generalized
convulsion
Orange-yellow
urine
fainting Skin necrosis
Skin flushing,
tingling lips
pruritus
12. PROCEDURE
Patient is informed of the normal procedures, the side effects and
the adverse reactions.
Dilating the pupil
Made to sit comfortable.
3-4 red free photographs taken.
(control photographs)
5ml of 10% or 3ml of 25% NAF injected through the anticubital
vein
13. wait for 10 – 12 seconds( normal arm-retina time)
Photos are taken at 1 second interval for 10 seconds
Then every 2 seconds interval for 30 seconds
Late photographs are usually taken after 3 ,5 and 10
minutes.
14. CIRCULATION OF DYE
Dye injected from peripheral vein
venous circulation
heart
arterial system
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Ophthalmic artery
Short posterior ciliary artery) Central retinal
(choroidal circulation.) ( retinal circulation)
N.B. The choroidal filling is 1 second prior to the retinal filling.
17. Two types of circulation in fundus
A.Choroidal
circulation
-choriocapillaries are
fenestrated
-so allows dye to diffuse
freely
BUT,
-outer blood-retinal barrier
in RPE don’t let dye to
reach retina
B.Retinal circulation
-endothelial cells of retinal
blood vessels joined by
tight junctions (inner
blood retinal barrier)
-prevents leakage of dye
from vessels
18. Phases of angiogram
A) Choroidal (pre-arterial)
B) Arterial
C)
iovenous(capillary)
D) Venous and
E) Late(elimination)
Patchy filling
No leakage
No complication
WHY
???
19.
20. Prearterial/choroidal phase
8-12 seconds after dye
injection
Initial patchy filling
followed by diffuse filling
No dye has entered
retinal circulation
21. Arterial phase
Shows arterial filling
Continuation of
choroidal filling
1 second after choridal
phase
26. Late/elimination phase
Elimination of dye from
choroidal and retinal
circulation
Staining of disc – normal
In 5-10 minutes
fluorescein absent from
angiogram
And from body in several
hours
27. Fovea in FFA
Appears dark
AVASCULARI
TY IN FAZ
BLOCKAGE OF
CHOROIDAL
FLUORESCENCE
INCREASED
XANTHOPHYL
L PIGMENTS
LARGER RPE
CELLS WITH
MORE
MELANIN
30. hyperflourescence
Greater level of fluorescence than would be found in
normal angiogram
Occur due to:
-window defect
-increased accumulation of dye
leakage
pooling
staining
36. staining
Accumulation of fluorescence within a tissue
Due to prolonged dye retention
Minimum hyperfluorescence in early and midphase
which increases in late phase
Can be seen in normal as well as pathologically
altered tissue
40. BLOCKED FLUORESCENCE
Optical obstruction (masking) of normal density of
fluorescein
Caused by lesions anterior to retina
41. examples
Pre-retinal lesions eg.vitreous opacity,preretinal
haemorrhage block all fluorescence
Deep retinal lesions eg.intraretinal haemorrhage and
hard exudates block only capillary fluorescence
Increased density of RPE eg.congenital hypertrophy
Choroidal lesions eg.naevus
44. examples
vascular occlusion of choroidal circulation or
retinal arteries,veins and capillaries
Loss of vascular bed eg.severe myopic degeneration
– choroideremia
Emboli
arteriosclerosis
50. RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Normal RPE is tight
zonula occludens seal portion of all the
intercellular spaces of the pigment epithelial
monolayer.
54. summary
Even today FFA, has its position in the diagnosis of
retinal diseases
Normal retinal vessels will not leak dye
Hypofluorescence –
blocked/filling defect
always match with red free fundus photo
Hyperfluorescence – leakage of dye from
abnormal vasculature/collection of the dye into an
extracellular space
Wide field angiogram – recent advancement