This document discusses sedative and hypnotic drugs as well as antipsychotic drugs. It defines sedatives as drugs that reduce excitement and calm a person, and hypnotics as drugs that produce sleep resembling normal sleep. It then lists common benzodiazepines used as sedatives and hypnotics. The document outlines therapeutic uses of benzodiazepines and adverse effects. It also discusses antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychotic disorders like schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic system. Chlorpromazine is provided as an example antipsychotic drug, with its uses, mechanism of action, and adverse effects described.

1. Sedatives and
Hypnotics

2. Sedative –
A drug that reduces excitement and
calms the person.
Hypnotic –
A drug that produces sleep resembling
normal sleep.

3. Benzodiazepines
• Nitrazepam
• Clonazepam
• Midazolam
• Triazolam
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam
• Lorazepam
• Flurazepam

4. Therapeutic uses
 As sedative and hypnotic – preferred
drug for short term-insomnia
 Anticonvulsants
 Diagnostic & minor operative
procedures
- sedative, amnesic, analgesic & muscle
relaxant properties

5.  As anxiolytic
 Pre-anesthetic medication
 Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrally acting)
 To treat alcohol-withdrawal symptoms

6. Adverse effects
 Drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, amnesia &
disorientation
 Tolerance & drug dependence
 Withdrawal symptoms - insomnia, tremors,
restlessness, nervousness & loss of appetite
 During labor - respiratory depression & hypotonia
in newborn

7. Antipsychotics

8. • Antipsychotics are drugs used to
treat psychotic disorders such as
schizophrenia

9. • Positive/active symptoms include thought
disturbances, delusions, auditory & visual
hallucinations
• Negative/passive symptoms include social
withdrawal, lack of motivation and emotion, strange
speech, lack of personal hygiene
Schizophrenia

10. Examples of antipsychotics
• Chlorpromazine
• Triflupromazine
• Thiothixene
• Haloperidol
• Clozapine
• Olanzapine
• Aripiprazole

11. Overactivity of dopaminergic
neurotransmission in the mesolimbic
system - symptoms of psychosis

12. Chlorpromazine
Mechanism of action –
• Mainly blocks D2 receptors in the
mesolimbic system – antipsychotic
effect

13. Uses of chlorpromazine
I. Psychiatric indications
1.Schizophrenia – positive symptoms,
agitation, aggression, impulsive behaviour
2. Mania – suppress an acute attack of mania
3. Tourette’s syndrome (motor and phonic tics)

14. II. Non – psychiatric indications
1.As antiemetic
2.As preanesthetic medication
3. Intractable hiccups

15. Adverse effects of chlorpromazine
 Parkinson-like syndrome – tremors,
rigidity, hypokinesia
 Acute dystonia
 Tardive dyskinesia – abnormal facial &
limb movements

16.  Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
 Hyperprolactinaemia in women
 Loss of libido & infertility in men
 Hypersensitivity reactions
 Sedation

17. Thank you