2. Objective and Principle:
To separate salt and coarse sand.
Non dissolved solids can be separated from coarse sand by filtration.
Raw Materials:
● Salt, Coarse Sand, Water.
Equipments:
● Beakers, Glass Rod, Funnel on a stand, Filter paper,heating equipment
3. Process Description:
1. Add the mixture of Salt[NaCl] and Sand in Water.
2. Stir the mixture.
3. Salt will be dissolved in water while sand will remain insoluble.
4. Filter the mixture.
5. Data:
Solubility of NaCl at 200 C in water is 36 gm per 100 gm of water.
Sr. No Item Quantity
1 Salt{NaCl} 35.5 gm
2 Coarse sand 50 gm
3 Water 100 ml
4.
5. Observations
Mass Balance:-
I. Sand removal.
Input= 35.5 gm salt { NaCl } , 50 gm coarse sand, 100ml water.
Output= 98 ml water( salt solution) + sand (52.5gm)(with filter paper).
II. Salt extraction.
Input= 98 ml water (salt solution)
Output= water evaporated , salt crystals obtained 33.5 gm
Energy required to vaporize 98 ml of solution from 30°C =250.16 kJ
Conclusion:- After performing the above experiment it is observed that anhydrous crystals of 33.5 gm of salt is
obtained from 85.5 gm of mixture and the 2 gm of salt that is lost, is present in sand remains and on filter
paper. Hence the salt is separated from salt and sand mixture.
7. Theory
Definition :- The separation of solids from a suspension in a liquid with the help
of a porous medium or screen which retains the solids and allows the liquid to
pass is termed as filtration.
Basically, there are two types of filtration based on proportion of solid in the
suspension:-
TYPES OF FILTRATION
CAKE FILTRATION DEEP BED FILTRATION
8. Types of filtration based on pressure drop across the filtering medium:-
Factor affecting the rate of filtration:-
1. Pressure drop across the feed inlet and far side of filter medium.
2. Area of filtering surface.
3. Viscosity of filtrate.
4. Resistance of filter cake.
TYPES OF FILTRATION
CONSTANT PRESSURE
FILTRATION
CONSTANT RATE
FILTRATION
9. Types of filtration equipments:-
a) Types of filtration equipments based on the function:-
1. Cake filters.
2. Clarifying filters.
b) Types of filtration based on method of operation:-
1. Batch filters.
2. Continuous filters.
c) Types of filtration based on the driving force used for separation:-
1. Gravity.
2. Pressure.
3. Vacuum.
4. Centrifugal.
10. PLANT VISIT SUMMARY
1. Plant:- Effluent Treatment Plant(ETP)
2. Process:-
a) Slurry to be filtered is pumped through the feed channel and it filles the chamber
completely.
b) As the feed pump continues to supply the slurry to be filtered, the pressure goes on
increasing.Because of this, the filtrate passes through the cloth, runs down the
faces of plates and finally leaves the filter through discharge.
c) The solids are deposited on the filter cloth, and cakes are formed simultaneously in
each chamber.The press is then said to be jammed.Wash liquid may be introduced
in the press to remove soluble impurities from the solids and cake is then blown
with air to remove the residual liquid from it.
d) The press is then dismantled, and the cake of solids scrapped off from each plate.
11. 3.Utility requirement:- Air
4. Data & Observation:-
a) Input/feed= 25-30 tons/filter
b) Air pressure:- 2 kg/cm³.
c) Pump :- Slurry pumps {5 HP}.
d) Filter cake formation time:- 5-6 hrs.
e) Output:- 1 filter-8 to 9 tons per day.
f) Cake thus obtained is disposed.
