Explanation of Fiqh in general

1. The Sharia is the collectionof valuesand principlesthatform the moral and legal philosophyof Islam.It
is distinguishedfrom Fiqh(Islamicjurisprudence) whichisthe practical applicationof that philosophy.In
otherwords,the Shariamaybe called the spiritof the law,whileFiqhmaybe calledthe applicationof the
law.
Sections of Shari’ah Law
Sharia law is divided into three main sections:
1. Faith (Aqaida).
2. Ethics (Akhlaq).
3. the acts of Muslim which divided into two sections;-
A. The acts of worship, or al-ibadat, called the 5 pillars of Islam:
i. Kalma/ Prayers (Salah)
ii. Fasts (Sawm and Ramadan)
iii. Charities (Zakat)
iv. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
B. Human interaction, or al-mu'amalat, which includes:
i. Financial transactions
ii. Endowments
iii. Laws of inheritance
iv. Marriage, divorce, and child care
v. Foods and drinks (including ritual slaughtering and hunting)
vi. Penal punishments
vii. Warfare and peace
viii. Judicial matters (including witnesses and forms of evidence)
Examples of Shari’ahLaw
 The woman cannot marry without the consent of her guardian. If she marries, her husband
becomes her new guardian.
 The guardian cannot marry the divorced woman or the widow if she did not ask to be married.
 The penalty for theft,The Qur'an and several hadith set out two different punishments
for theft (stealing). They say that the punishment should depend on how many times the person
stole, and what he stole. One punishment is imprisonment. Another is amputating (cutting off) the
hands or feet.

2.  The penalty for adultery,In The Quran it is stated that if an unmarried man or woman
commit adultery (sleep with a person they are not married to), the punishment should be 100
lashes
 Festivals,,There are two festivals that are considered Sunnah. Eid ul-Fitr & Eid ul-Adha
During these festivals, specific rituals are used:
i. Sadaqah (charity) before Eid ul-Fitr prayer.
ii. The Prayer and the Sermon on Eid day.
iii. Takbirs (glorifying God) after every prayer in the days of Tashriq
iv. Sacrifice of unflawed, four-legged grazing animal of appropriate age after the prayer of Eid
ul-Adha in the days of Tashriq.
 Dietary laws, some specific foods and drinks that are not allowed.
i. Pork, blood, and the meat of dead animals are not allowed.
ii. People are also not allowed to eat animals that were slaughtered in the name of someone
other than God.
iii. Intoxicants (like alcoholic drinks) are not allowed.
While Islamic law prohibits (does not allow) dead meat, this does not apply to fish and locusts
Sections of Fiqh
Fiqh includes extensive details in regards to all aspects of a person's life, including acts of worship.
These aspects can fall into two groups:
1. Worship (Ibadaat)
2. Dealings & Transactions (with people) (Mu`amalaat)
Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) covers two main areas:
Rules in relation to actions ('amaliyya ) comprise:
1. Obligation (fardh)
2. Recommendation (mustahabb)
3. Permissibility (mubah)
4. Disrecommendation (makrooh)
5. Prohibition (haraam)
Rules in relation to circumstances (wadia') comprise:
1. Condition (shart)
2. Cause (sabab)

3. 3. Permit / Enforced (rukhsah, azeemah)
4. Valid / Corrupt / Invalid (sahih, faasid, batil)
5. In time / Deferred / Repeat (adaa, qadaa, i'ada)
Examples of Fiqh
 Investment in businesses that provide goods or services considered contrary to
Islamic principles (e.g. pork or alcohol) is also haraam
 Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged
 Grabbing other people's land is also prohibited.
 Gharar—"uncertainty". The presence of any element of excessive uncertainty, in a contract is
prohibited. This applies not only to insurance but also trading in derivatives,short selling.
 Saying "Bismillah" (in the name of God) before eating and drinking.
 Saying "As-Salaam Alaikum" (peace be upon you) when meeting someone and answering
with "Wa 'alaikumus salam" (and peace be upon you).
 Saying "Alhamdulillah" (all gratitude is for only God) when sneezing and responding with
"Yarhamukallah" (God have mercy on you).
 Saying the "Adhan" (prayer call) in the right ear of a newborn and the Iqama in its left.
 In the sphere of hygiene, it includes:
o Clipping the moustache
o Cutting nails
o Cleaning the nostrils, the mouth, and the teeth
o Cleaning the body
 Hadd: violation of a boundary of God.
 Ta'zir: violation of the right of an individual.
 Siyasah: violation of the right of the state.
Inconclusion,the Shariaisthe divine law embodiedintimelessmoral values,butFiqhisthe humaneffort
to apply these values to real-life situations.